The category of voice. P1 of transitive verbs, both of non-perfect & perfect, has voice distinctions, which are realized in the contrast of active & passive forms.
P1 active denotes an action directed from the subject. P1 passive denotes an action directed towards the subject.
The subject as the carrier of the action may coincide with the subject of the sentence: Ex.: Do u know the students translating the text?
It may also be the noun modified by P1 used attributively, in whatever function the noun is used.
The subject may be contained in the nominal element of a predicative construction. Ex.: I heard someone mentioning your name.
Syntactical functions of P1. P1 performs the syntactical functions characteristics of the adjective & the adverb, & can therefore be used as attribute, predicative, part of a predicative construction or as AM. It may be used alone (a) or as headword of a participial phrase (b).
He drank his coffee standing.
There are some other people waiting for u.
Voice peculiarities of P2. P2 of transitive verbs, when it is not a part of a perfect form, is always passive in meaning.
The passive meaning of P2 may be of 3 types: 1) denoting an action directed towards the subj. as the carrier of the action. (I won’t have my friend laughed at.) 2) denoting a state, which is a result of the action. (The problem is solved. The doctor is shut.) 3) denoting a pure state. (I felt annoyed when he refused to help me.)
P2 of intransitive verbs is always active in meaning. The use of the active P is restricted. Only P2 of verbs denoting motion or change of state can be used independently, mostly as attributes. (arrive, fall, go, rise, depart)
The Aspectual meaning of P2 & Correlation. The original aspectual meaning of P2 is perfectivity. It is evident in terminative verbs & verbs of doubt aspectual meaning.
In transitive terminative verbs the passive meaning of P2 is combined with perfectivity. Thus P2 can be opposed to P1 in their aspectual meanings of perfectivity/imperfectivity: taking-taken (берущий-взятый).
The original meaning may be modified by the context.
