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Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Francesco Puma and Jacopo Vannucci
University of Perugia Medical School,
Thoracic Surgery Unit,
Italy
1. Introduction
1.1 Anatomy
The superior vena cava (SVC) originates in the chest, behind the first right sternocostal
articulation, from the confluence of two main collector vessels: the right and left
brachiocephalic veins which receive the ipsilateral internal jugular and subclavian veins. It
is located in the anterior mediastinum, on the right side.
The internal jugular vein collects the blood from head and deep sections of the neck while
the subclavian vein, from the superior limbs, superior chest and superficial head and
neck.
Several other veins from the cervical region, chest wall and mediastinum are directly
received by the brachiocephalic veins.
After the brachiocephalic convergence, the SVC follows the right lateral margin of the
sternum in an inferoposterior direction. It displays a mild internal concavity due to the
adjacent ascending aorta. Finally, it enters the pericardium superiorly and flows into the
right atrium; no valve divides the SVC from right atrium.
The SVC’s length ranges from 6 to 8 cm. Its diameter is usually 20-22 mm. The total
diameters of both brachiocephalic veins are wider than the SVC’s caliber. The blood
pressure ranges from -5 to 5 mmHg and the flow is discontinuous depending on the heart
pulse cycle.
The SVC can be classified anatomically in two sections: extrapericardial and intrapericardial.
The extrapericardial segment is contiguous to the sternum, ribs, right lobe of the thymus,
connective tissue, right mediastinal pleura, trachea, right bronchus, lymphnodes and
ascending aorta. In the intrapericardial segment, the SVC enters the right atrium on the
upper right face of the heart; in front it is close to the right main pulmonary artery. On the
right side, the lung is in its proximity, separated only by mediastinal pleura. The right
phrenic nerve runs next to the SVC for its entire course [1] (Figure 1).
The SVC receives a single affluent vein: the azygos vein. The azygos vein joins the SVC from
the right side, at its mid length, above the right bronchus. The Azygos vein constantly
receives the superior intercostal vein, a large vessel which drains blood from the upper two
or three right intercostal spaces. In the case of SVC obstruction, the azygos vein is
responsible for the most important collateral circulation. According to the expected
collateral pathways, the SVC can be divided into two segments: the supra-azygos or
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preazygos and the infra-azygos or postazygos SVC. There are four possible collateral
systems which were first described in 1949 by McIntire and Sykes. They are represented by
the azygos venous system, the internal thoracic venous system, the vertebral venous system
and the external thoracic venous system [2]. The azygos venous system is the only direct
path into the SVC. The internal thoracic vein is the collector between SVC and inferior vena
cava (IVC) via epigastric and iliac veins. The vertebral veins with intercostals, lumbar and
sacral veins, represent the posterior network between SVC and IVC. The external thoracic
vein system is the most superficial and it is represented by axillary, lateral thoracic and
superficial epigastric veins.
Fig. 1.
The SVC is a constituent part of the right paratracheal space (also called “Barety's space”),
containing the main lymphatic route of the mediastinum, i.e. the right lateral tracheal
chain. Barety's space is bounded laterally by the SVC, posteriorly by the tracheal wall,
and medially by the ascending aorta. The nodes of the right paratracheal space are
frequently involved in malignant growths: the SVC is undoubtedly the anatomical
structure of this space which offers less resistance to compression, due to its thin wall and
low internal pressure.
Anatomical anomalies are rare. The most frequent is the double SVC which has an
embryologic etiology [1].
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Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
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