1st and 2nd only.
The words “for example” at the beginning of the
sentence containing the crowd analogy follow a sentence about the Pauli
exclusion principle. This principle says that fermions cannot “inhabit the
same fundamental state.” Electrons, which are fermions, are likened to
members of a crowd in a stadium; the fact that electrons cannot “circle the
nuclei of atoms in precisely the same orbits” (just as crowd members cannot
sit on top of one another) is a “consequence” of the Pauli exclusion principle.
Thus, the first statement is justified. These electrons “must occupy more and
more distant locations”; the crowd analogy certainly illustrates that behavior,
so the second statement is justified. As for the third, incorrect statement,
while it is true that electrons cannot occupy the same orbits as one another
and must instead occupy more and more distant locations, you do not know
that those orbits are “concentric” or “evenly spaced.”
80.
(B).
The author begins by naming the two classes of subatomic particles,
choice (B), and then divides the remainder of the passage into descriptions of
each class and their relation to each other. Regarding (A) and (D), the author
explains both of these concepts within the passage, but they are subordinate to
the main idea of describing the two types of subatomic particles and thus are
not the primary purpose of the passage. As for (C) and (E), the author’s
primary purpose in writing is not to provide examples or to argue.
81.
(C).
The author states that fermions, not bosons, are the constituents of
ordinary matter. All other answers are mentioned in the second paragraph of
the passage. Thus, (C) is the correct choice.
82.
(D).
The second paragraph states that Cooper pairs of electrons will “flow
in precise harmony and with zero resistance through the metal.” As an
example of the same phenomenon, the second paragraph also states that a
“swirl in a cup of superfluid helium will, amazingly, never dissipate.”
Therefore, it is correct to infer that “a current through a superconducting wire
will never dissipate,” as in choice (D). As for (A), the passage states that an
even number of fermions (which, according to the first paragraph, “include
electrons, protons, and neutrons”) constitute a boson, but not an odd number
(½ integer times an odd will not give an integer). The last paragraph states
that “scientists argue for the existence of skyrmions” in a medium that might
permit them to be formed, implying that they have not yet been discovered, so
eliminate (B). In (C), the author states that two electrons cannot circle a
nucleus in the same orbit, but they could spin in different orbits that are the
same distance from the nucleus. Finally, in (E), the author gives two examples
of fermions becoming bosons at cooled temperatures but does not say this is
the
only
situation in which this can occur.
83.
(A).
The first paragraph states that fermions obey the Pauli principle,
according to which no two particles can occupy the same fundamental state.
The second paragraph states that bosons tend to bunch together in exactly the
same state. This supports choice (A) and is the opposite of (E); thus, (E) is
incorrect. Choice (D) is also the opposite of what the passage claims. Bosons
have integral spin values and fermions have “half-integral” spin. Answer (B)
is incorrect because the passage does not discuss the total number of particle
types for bosons or fermions, and answer (C) is incorrect because the passage
explicitly states that both fermions and bosons can exist in groups.
84.
(A).
The passage states that the Pauli principle prohibits any two particles
from inhabiting the same fundamental state. Further, the Pauli principle
should be applied to fermions, “which include electrons, protons, and
neutrons,”
but not bosons (from the second paragraph). Answer choice (A) discusses
electrons, which are fermions, avoiding occupation of identical energy levels,
so (A) is relevant and thus the correct answer. As for (B), a charged particle in
a magnetic field neither provides the criteria for a fermion nor references
inhabitance of the same state. Answer (C) does not specify the type of
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