Particle Accelerators: Devices that will accelerate charged particles
to very high speeds through the application of an external magnetic
field
(C)
Quantum Entanglement: When particles interact physically and
then become separated but still have interdependent properties
(D)
Double Slit Experiment: An experiment that revealed the particle
and wave duality of photons
(E)
The Higgs Field: The field produced by the conjectured Higgs
particle that would explain why matter has mass
Questions 85–87 are based on the following reading passage.
Homo economicus
, or economic human, denotes the idea of human
beings as rational,
narrowly self-interested agents who, given total information about
opportunities and possible
constraints, seek to obtain the highest possible well-being for themselves
at the least possible
cost. In the late 19th century, a host of economists built mathematical
models based on the
5 conception of real humans as
Homo economicus
.
Exponents of
Homo economicus
tend to acknowledge that total
information is not possible
in the real world; thus, breakdown in models based on the concept are
due to imperfect
information held by the self-interested economic actors. Amartya Sen
has pointed out that
Homo economicus
ignores that people can and do commit to courses of
action out of morality,
10 cultural expectations, and so forth. Veblen and Keynes allege that
Homo
economicus
assumes far
too great an understanding of macroeconomics on the part of humans.
Tversky puts forth that
investors are not rational: they are unconcerned by small chances of
large losses, but quite risk-
averse regarding small losses. Bruno Frey points out that humans are
often intrinsically motivated,
and that such motivation explains heroism, craftsmanship, and other
drives that do not fit neatly
15 into the model of a narrowly focused gain-seeker. Critics of the
psychoanalytic tradition point out,
somewhat obviously, that humans are frequently conflicted, lazy, and
inconsistent.
Consider each of the answer choices separately and indicate all that apply.
85. Which of the following phenomena would exemplify Bruno Frey’s
critique of
Homo economicus
?
A woodworker spends months on the delicate inlay of a door,
knowing that his many hours of hard work will inevitably result in a
higher price when he comes to sell the piece.
A television journalist often travels to dangerous countries all over
the world because he is contractually obligated to do so, and his
ratings are higher the more dangerous his exploits appear to be.
An economist dedicates her career to illustrating a fundamental flaw
in a particular theory, though she knows there will be no tangible
reward for her efforts.
86. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
(A)
Homo economicus
is a useful, if theoretical, actor to use in the
formation of mathematical models.
(B)
Homo economicus
is a fundamentally flawed and thus theoretically
useless construction, for a host of reasons.
(C)
Homo economicus
is often criticized by those who don’t fully
understand its function in economic theory.
(D)
Homo economicus
is a problematic construction, because it
simplifies human motivations and is overly optimistic about human
understanding.
(E)
Homo economicus
fell out of favor with most economists in the
20th century due to its many incorrect assumptions about humanity.
Consider each of the answer choices separately and indicate all that apply.
87. Which of the following is a complaint leveled against the theory of
Homo
economicus
posited by certain economists in the late 19th century?
It assumes that the average person knows a lot more about the
general workings of the economy than he or she actually does.
It assumes that humans experience a proportional and linear
emotional response to all risks and rewards.
It assumes that the primary impetus behind human decision making
is not predicated on ethics or cultural mores.
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