Chapter 10
Functions, Formulas, and Sequences
In This Chapter…
Functions, Formulas, and Sequences
Functions, Formulas, and Sequences Answers
Functions, Formulas, and Sequences
For questions in the Quantitative Comparison format (“Quantity A” and “Quantity B” given), the
answer choices are always as follows:
(A) Quantity A is greater.
(B) Quantity B is greater.
(C) The two quantities are equal.
(D) The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Where answer choices do not appear on Quantitative Comparison questions in this book, you should
choose A, B, C or D based on the above.
For questions followed by a numeric entry box
, you are to enter your own answer in the
box. For questions followed by a fraction-style numeric entry box
, you are to enter
your answer in the form of a fraction. You are not required to reduce fractions. For example, if the
answer is
, you may enter
or any equivalent fraction.
All numbers used are real numbers. All figures are assumed to lie in a plane unless otherwise
indicated. Geometric figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. You should assume, however, that
lines that appear to be straight are actually straight, points on a line are in the order shown, and all
geometric objects are in the relative positions shown. Coordinate systems, such as
xy
-planes and
number lines, as well as graphical data presentations, such as bar charts, circle graphs, and line
graphs,
are
drawn to scale. A symbol that appears more than once in a question has the same meaning
throughout the question.
1. If
f
(
x
) =
x
2
+ 1, what is the value of
f
(2) +
f
(–2)?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 4
(D) 5
(E)
10
2. If
h
(
x
) = 2
x
3
– 3 and
h
(
m
) = –19, what is the value of
m
?
(A) –3
(B) –2
(C) 2
(D)
6,856
(E)
6,862
3. If
f
(
x
) =
x
+ 5 and
f
(2
g
) = 19, what is the value of
f
(3 –
g
)?
4. If f(
a, b
) =
a
2
b
4
, and
f
(
m, n
) = 5, what is the value of
f
(3
m
, 2
n
)?
5. If
f
(
x
) =
x
2
– 1, what is the value of
f
(
y
) +
f
(–1)?
(A)
y
2
– 1
(B)
y
2
(C)
y
2
+ 1
(D)
y
2
– 2
y
(E)
y
2
– 2
y
– 1
6. If
f
(
x
) = – 1, what is the value of
f
(
f
(10))?
7. If
h
(
x
) = 5
x
2
+
x
, then which of the following is equal to
h
(
a
+
b
)?
(A)
5
a
2
+ 5
b
2
(B)
5
a
3
+ 5
b
3
(C)
5
a
2
+ 5
b
2
+
a
+
b
(D)
5
a
3
+ 10
ab
+ 5
b
3
(E)
5
a
2
+ 10
ab
+ 5
b
2
+
a
+
b
8. If
= 2
x
2
+ 2, which of the following is equal to
?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
9.
is defined as the least integer greater than
x
for all odd values of
x
, and
the greatest integer less than
x
for all even values of
x
. What is the value of
?
(A)
–12
(B) –9
(C) –8
(D) –7
(E) 3
10.
g
(
x
) =
x
2
– 4 and
g
(
c
) = 12. If
c
< 0, what is the value of
g
(
c
– 2)?
11. If
h
(
x
) = 2
x
– 1 and
g
(
x
) =
x
2
– 3, what is the value of
h
(
g
(5))?
12. If
h(x)
= |
3x
| +
2
and
g
(
x
) =
x
2
– 7 and
g
(
m
) = 29, what is the value of
h
(
m
)?
13. If *
x
is defined as the square of one-half of
x
, what is the value of
?
Give your answer as a fraction.
14. If ~
x
= |14
x
|, which of the following must be true?
Indicate all such answers.
~2 = ~(–2)
~3 + ~4 = ~7
The minimum possible value of ~
x
is zero.
15. If #
x
is defined for all
x
> –2 as the square root of the number that is 2
more than
x
, what is the value of #7 – #(–1)?
16. If
g
(
x
) =
, for which of the following
x
values is
g
(
x
)
undefined?
Indicate all such values of
x.
–2
0
1
2
f
(
x
) = 2
x
– 3
f
(
m
) = –11
17.
Quantity A
m
Quantity B
One-half of
f
(
m
)
18. The price of a phone call consists of a standard connection fee, which is
constant, plus a per-minute charge. A 10-minute call costs $2.90 and a 16-
minute call costs $4.40. How much does a 13-minute call cost?
(A)
$3.55
(B)
$3.57
(C)
$3.58
(D)
$3.65
(E)
$3.77
19. The first three terms in an arithmetic sequence are 30, 33, and 36. What is
the 80th term?
20. The sequence
S
is defined by
S
n
= 2(
S
n
– 1
) – 4 for each integer
n
≥ 2. If
S
1
= 6, what is the value of
S
5
?
(A)
–20
(B) 16
(C) 20
(D) 24
(E) 36
21. The sequence
S
is defined by
S
n
=
S
n
– 1
+
S
n
– 2
– 3 for each integer
n
≥ 3.
If
S
1
= 5 and
S
2
= 0, what is the value of
S
6
?
(A)
–6
(B)
–5
(C)
–3
(D)
–1
(E) 1
22. The sequence
S
is defined by
S
n
=
S
n
– 1
+
S
n
– 2
– 1 for each integer
n
≥ 3.
If
S
1
= 11 and
S
3
= 10, what is the value of
S
5
?
(A) 0
(B) 9
(C)
10
(D)
18
(E)
19
23. The sequence
S
is defined by
S
n
=
S
n
– 1
+
S
n
– 2
+
S
n
– 3
– 5 for each
integer
n
≥ 4. If
S
1
= 4,
S
2
= 0, and
S
4
= –4, what is the value of
S
6
?
(A) –2
(B)
–12
(C)
–16
(D)
–20
(E)
–24
24. The sequence
P
is defined by
P
n
= 10(
P
n
– 1
) – 2 for each integer
n
≥ 2. If
P
1
= 2, what is the value of
P
4
?
25. The sequence
S
is defined by
S
n
– 1
=
(
S
n
) for each integer
n
≥ 2. If
S
1
=
–4, what is the value of
S
4
?
(A)
–256
(B) –64
(C)
(D)
(E)
256
26. The sequence
A
is defined by
A
n
=
A
n – 1
+ 2 for each integer
n
≥ 2, and
A
1
= 45. What is the sum of the first 100 terms in sequence
A
?
(A) 243
(B)
14,400
(C)
14,500
(D)
24,300
(E)
24,545
27. In a certain sequence, the term
a
n
is defined by the formula
a
n
=
a
n
– 1
+
10 for each integer
n
≥ 2. What is the positive difference between
a
10
and
a
15
?
(A) 5
(B) 10
(C) 25
(D) 50
(E)
100
28. For a physical fitness test, scores are determined by the expression 2
ps
–
45
m
, where
p
and
s
are the numbers of push-ups and sit-ups an athlete can
do in one minute for each activity and
m
is the number of minutes the
athlete takes to run a mile. During the test, Abraham did 21 push-ups and
30 sit-ups and ran the mile in 10 minutes. Javed got the same score, but did
4 more push-ups and ran the mile in 12 minutes. How many sit-ups did
Javed do in one minute?
(A)
16
(B)
19
(C)
25
(D)
27
(E)
35
29. If
a
#
b
=
a
2
–
a
, where
b
≥ 0, what is the value of (–4)#4?
(A)
–36
(B)
–28
(C) 12
(D) 28
(E) 36
30. The expression
x
$
y
is defined as
, where
y
≠ 0. What is the value of
9$(6$2)?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D) 18
(E)
108
31. Amy deposited $1,000 into an account that earns 8% annual interest
compounded every 6 months. Bob deposited $1,000 into an account that
earns 8% annual interest compounded quarterly. If neither Amy nor Bob
makes any additional deposits or withdrawals, in 6 months how much
more money will Bob have in his account than will Amy have in hers?
(A)
$40
(B) $8
(C) $4
(D) $0.40
(E) $0.04
32. The half-life of an isotope is the amount of time required for 50% of a
sample of the isotope to undergo radioactive decay. The half-life of the
carbon-14 isotope is 5,730 years. How many years must pass until a
sample that starts out with 16,000 carbon-14 isotopes decays into a sample
with only 500 carbon-14 isotopes?
(A) 180 years
(B) 1,146 years
(C) 5,730 years
(D) 28,650 years
(E)
183,360 years
33.
f
(
x
) =
and
g
(
x
) = 3
x
– 2. If
f
(
g
(
x
)) = 1, what is the value of
x
?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
1
(E)
34. A certain investment doubled in value every 9 years. If Saidah had
$25,125 in the investment when she was 27 years old, what was the value
of the investment when she retired at 63 years old?
(A) $50,250
(B)
$150,750
(C)
$201,000
(D)
$251,250
(E) $402,000
35. An archer’s score is calculated by the formula
, where
b
is the
number of bull’s-eyes hit,
a
is the total number of arrows shot, and
s
is the
time in seconds it took the archer to shoot. By how many points would an
archer who took 10 seconds to shoot 10 arrows and hit all bull’s-eyes beat
an archer who shot twice as many arrows and hit half as many bull’s-eyes
in 15 seconds?
(A) 2
(B) 7
(C)
10
(D)
18
(E)
20
36. Each term of a certain sequence is calculated by adding a particular
constant to the previous term. The 2nd term of this sequence is 27 and the
5th term is 84. What is the 1st term of this sequence?
(A)
20
(B)
15
(C)
13
(D)
12
(E) 8
37. If
a
#
b
=
and
a
@
b
= 3
a
– 2
b
, what is the value of 1@2 – 3#4?
(A)
(B)
–1
(C)
(D)
(E)
38. In a certain sequence, the term
a
n
is defined by the formula
a
n
=
a
n
– 1
+ 5
for each integer
n
≥ 2. If
a
1
= 1, what is the sum of the first 75 terms of this
sequence?
(A)
10,150
(B)
11,375
(C)
12,500
(D)
13,950
(E)
15,375
39. In a certain sequence, the term
a
n
is defined by the formula
a
n
= 2 ×
a
n
– 1
for each integer
n
≥ 2. If
a
1
= 1, what is the positive difference between the
sum of the first 10 terms of the sequence and the sum of the 11th and 12th
terms of the same sequence?
(A) 1
(B)
1,024
(C)
1,025
(D)
2,048
(E)
2,049
The operation @ is defined by the equation
a
@
b
= (
a
– 1)(
b
– 2).
x
@5 = 3@
x
40.
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