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Practice Test 4
C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection
acts. Without genetic variability a species lacks
the capacity to evolve and
cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new
diseases. The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in
population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.
D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered.
Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year. These
fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty
to the survival of many
species. Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce
population sizes to a small fraction of their average level. When allowance
is made for these two additional elements of
uncertainty the population
size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may
increase to several thousand.
Part C
Beside these processes we need to bear in mind the distribution of a population.
A species that occurs in five isolated places each containing 20 individuals
will not have the same probability of extinction
as a species with a single
population of 100 individuals in a single locality.
Where logging occurs (that is, the cutting down of forests for timber) forest-
dependent creatures in that area will be forced to leave. Ground-dwelling
herbivores may return within a decade. However, arboreal marsupials (that is
animals which live in trees) may not recover to pre-logging
densities for over
a century. As more forests are logged, animal population sizes will be reduced
further. Regardless of the
theory or model that we choose, a reduction in
population size decreases the genetic diversity of a population and increases
the probability of extinction because of any or all of the processes listed above.
It is therefore a scientific fact that increasing the
area that is loaded in any
region will increase the probability that forest-dependent animals will become
extinct.