A text is cohesive when the elements are tied together and considered meaningful to the reader

Conjunction

Conjunction is the fourth type of grammatical cohesion, but forms the borderline to the field of lexical cohesion since it also includes lexical features. Unlike the other types of cohesive ties, “[c]onjuctive elements are cohesive not in themselves but ndirectly, by virtue of their specific meanings; they are not primarily devices for reaching out into the preceding (or following) text, but they express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse” (HALLIDAY & HASAN 1994:226). It is not very easy to give a precise explanation of the way in which conjunctions create cohesion. Neither are they a type of semantic relation that points to something else in the text/discourse, nor are they a grammatical relation that implies that something was left out or replaced by something else. Conjunctions are different in the sense, that they are “a specification of the way in which what is to follow is systematically connected to what has gone before” (HALLIDAY & HASAN 1994: 227). They are able to relate linguistic elements to each other “that occur in succession but are not related by other, structural means” (HALLIDAY & ASAN 1994: 227). Conjunctions usually structure a text/discourse in a precise way and bring the presented elements into a logical order. Over all, there exist three different kinds of conjunctive [adjuncts] which are presented in

Table 2

1	2	3
simple adverbs (coordinating conjunctions): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)	other compound adverbs, e.g.: furthermore, nevertheless, anyway, instead, besides	Prepositional expressions with that or other reference item, the later being (i) optional, e.g.: as a result of that, instead of that, in addition to that or (ii) obligatory, e.g.: in spite of that, because of that
compound adverbs in –ly, e.g.: accordingly, subsequently, actually	prepositional phrases, e.g.: on the contrary, as a result, in addition
compound adverbs in there- and where-, e.g.: therefore, thereupon, whereat

Tab. 2: The three different kinds of conjunctive adjuncts (own illustration based on HALLIDAY & HASAN 1994:231)