quantitative and distributional approaches (see Section 2.4), which fore-
ground statistical patterns of usage.
2.2.2 Words and word pieces in the mental lexicon
A mind-internal perspective sits comfortably with the analysis of the lexicon
as mental lexicon. It would seem straightforward, then, to equate the basic
symbols of formal representations (at least those that do not clearly have a
grammatical or syncategorematic function) with lexical items, understood as
items of the mental lexicon. In fact, this amounts to a serious oversimplifica-
tion. On the psychological side, what is stored in memory and retrieved as a
unit can correspond to a lexical stem shorn of grammatical specifications, or
to a grammatical word, or to a semantically identified
“lemma”. But the ubiq-
uity of polysemy, the difficulty in distinguishing
“senses” on objective
grounds, and the fact that each
“sense” has a different network of associa-
tions and is differently related to non-linguistic knowledge, mean that the
precise content of a semantic lemma is not usually self-evident. This conclu-
sion was already clear from the discussion of
“lexical units”, “lexemes”, and
“sense spectra” in Cruse (1986); it has been reinforced by Murphy’s (2002) im-
portant observation that
‘a word does not simplistically relate to a concept
(no matter how represented), but to a network of interrelated and overlapping
distinct
“senses”, related to background world-knowledge’ (2002: 441). On the
linguistic side, the relation between lexical stems and
“items in the mental
lexicon
” is first of all blurred by compounds (including seemingly transparent
ones like bedroom; see Libben and Weber 2014), to which we should add
blends (infotainment), clippings (exam, vet); more significant are cases like
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