IELTS
JOURNAL
117
motivation to become socially acceptable and notable individuals, since many
adolescents find themselves bored, indecisive and/or unmotivated.
E) Adolescents may be subject to peer pressure within their adolescent time span,
consisting of the need to have relationships with the opposite sex, consume alcoholic
beverages, use drugs, defy their parental figures, or commit any act which other
people, particularly adults, may not deem appropriate. Peer pressure is a common
experience between adolescents and may result briefly or on a larger scale.
It should also be noted that adolescence is the stage of a psychological breakthrough
in a person's life when the cognitive development is rapid and the thoughts, ideas
and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence the individual's future
life, playing a major role in character and personality formation.
Exercise 56: Gap-filling
Read the following text about universities.
Religion was central to the curriculum of early European universities. However,
its role became less significant during the 19th century, and by the end of the
1800s, the German university model, based on more liberal values, had spread
around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th
centuries, and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain, the
move from industrial revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic
universities with an emphasis on science and engineering.
The funding and organisation of universities vary widely between different
countries around the world. In some countries, universities are predominantly
funded by the state, while in others, funding may come from donors or from
fees which students attending the university must pay.
Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
passage.
1. The German university model, which became popular in the 19th century, promoted
______.
2. Over the last 200 years, a university education has become ______ the general
public.
3. Depending on the country, universities may be funded by the state, by donors, or by
fee-paying ______.
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