Chapter 9:
The Basic Ideas Regarding
the Meaning and
Organization of the SA
The strength of the old state rested on three pillars: the
monarchical form of government, the civil service, and the army.
The Revolution of 1918 abolished the form of government,
dissolved the army and abandoned the civil service to the
corruption of party politics. Thus the essential supports of what is
called the Authority of the State were shattered. This authority
nearly always depends on three elements, which are the essential
foundations of all authority.
Popular support is the first element which is necessary for the
creation of authority. But an authority resting on that foundation
alone is still quite frail, uncertain and vacillating. Hence
everyone who finds himself vested with an authority that is based
only on popular support must take measures to improve and
consolidate the foundations of that authority by the creation of
force. Accordingly we must look upon power, that is to say, the
capacity to use force, as the second foundation on which all
authority is based. This foundation is more stable and secure, but
not always stronger, than the first. If popular support and power
are united together and can endure for a certain time, then an
authority may arise which is based on a still stronger foundation,
namely, the authority of tradition. And, finally, if popular
support, power, and tradition are united together, then the
authority based on them may be looked upon as invincible.
In Germany the Revolution abolished this last foundation. There
was no longer even a traditional authority. With the collapse of
the old Reich, the suppression of the monarchical form of
government, the destruction of all the old insignia of greatness
and the imperial symbols, tradition was shattered at a blow. The
result was that the authority of the State was shaken to its
foundations.
The second pillar of statal authority, namely power, also ceased
to exist. In order to carry through the Revolution it was necessary
to dissolve that body which had hitherto incorporated the
organized force and power of the State, namely, the Army.
Indeed, some detached fragments of the Army itself had to be
employed as fighting elements in the Revolution. The Armies at
the front were not subjected in the same measure to this process
of disruption; but as they gradually left farther behind them the
fields of glory on which they had fought heroically for fourand
half years, they were attacked by the solvent acid that had
permeated the Fatherland; and when they arrived at the
demobilizing centres they fell into that state of confusion which
was styled voluntary obedience in the time of the Soldiers'
Councils.
Of course it was out of the question to think of founding any kind
of authority on this crowd of mutineering soldiers, who looked
upon military service as a work of eight hours per day. Therefore
the second element, that which guarantees the stability of
authority, was also abolished and the Revolution had only the
original element, popular support, on which to build up its
authority. But this basis was extraordinarily insecure. By means
of a few violent thrusts the Revolution had shattered the old
statal edifice to its deepest foundations, but only because the
normal equilibrium within the social structure of the nation had
already been destroyed by the war.
Every national body is made up of three main classes. At one
extreme we have the best of the people, taking the word 'best'
here to indicate those who are highly endowed with the civic
virtues and are noted for their courage and their readiness to
sacrifice their private interests. At the other extreme are the worst
dregs of humanity, in whom vice and egotistic interests prevail.
Between these two extremes stands the third class, which is made
up of the broad middle stratum, who do not represent radiant
heroism or vulgar vice.
The stages of a nation's rise are accomplished exclusively under
the leadership of the best extreme.
Times of normal and symmetrical development, or of stable
conditions, owe their existence and outwardly visible
characteristics to the preponderating influence of the middle
stratum. In this stage the two extreme classes are balanced
against one another; in other words, they are relatively cancelled
out.
Times of national collapse are determined by the preponderating
influence of the worst elements.
It must be noted here, however, that the broad masses, which
constitute what I have called the middle section, come forward
and make their influence felt only when the two extreme sections
are engaged in mutual strife. In case one of the extreme sections
comes out victorious the middle section will readily submit to its
domination. If the best dominate, the broad masses will follow it.
Should the worst extreme turn out triumphant, then the middle
section will at least offer no opposition to it; for the masses that
constitute the middle class never fight their own battles.
The outpouring of blood for fourandahalf years during the war
destroyed the inner equilibrium between these three sections in
so far as it can be said – though admitting the sacrifices made by
the middle section – that the class which consisted of the best
human elements almost completely disappeared through the loss
of so much of its blood in the war, because it was impossible to
replace the truly enormous quantity of heroic German blood
which had been shed during those fourandahalf years. In
hundreds of thousands of cases it was always a matter of
'volunteers to the front', volunteers for patrol and duty, volunteer
dispatch carriers, volunteers for establishing and working
telephonic communications, volunteers for bridgebuilding,
volunteers for the submarines, volunteers for the air service,
volunteers for the storm battalions, and so on, and so on. During
fourandahalf years, and on thousands of occasions, there was
always the call for volunteers and again for volunteers. And the
result was always the same. Beardless young fellows or fully
developed men, all filled with an ardent love for their country,
urged on by their own courageous spirit or by a lofty sense of
their duty – it was always such men who answered the call for
volunteers. Tens of thousands, indeed hundreds of thousands, of
such men came forward, so that that kind of human material
steadily grew scarcer and scarcer. What did not actually fall was
maimed in the fight or gradually had to join the ranks of the
crippled because of the wounds they were constantly receiving,
and thus they had to carry on interminably owing to the steady
decrease in the supply of such men. In 1914 whole armies were
composed of volunteers who, owing to a criminal lack of
conscience on the part of our feckless parliamentarians, had not
received any proper training in times of peace, and so were
thrown as defenceless cannonfodder to the enemy. The four
hundred thousand who thus fell or were permanently maimed on
the battlefields of Flanders could not be replaced any more. Their
loss was something far more than merely numerical. With their
death the scales, which were already too lightly weighed at that
end of the social structure which represented our best human
quality, now moved upwards rapidly, becoming heavier on the
other end with those vulgar elements of infamy and cowardice –
in short, there was an increase in the elements that constituted the
worst extreme of our population.
And there was something more: While for fourandahalf years
our best human material was being thinned to an exceptional
degree on the battlefields, our worst people wonderfully
succeeded in saving themselves. For each hero who made the
supreme sacrifice and ascended the steps of Valhalla, there was a
shirker who cunningly dodged death on the plea of being
engaged in business that was more or less useful at home.
And so the picture which presented itself at the end of the war
was this: The great middle stratum of the nation had fulfilled its
duty and paid its toll of blood. One extreme of the population,
which was constituted of the best elements, had given a typical
example of its heroism and had sacrificed itself almost to a man.
The other extreme, which was constituted of the worst elements
of the population, had preserved itself almost intact, through
taking advantage of absurd laws and also because the authorities
failed to enforce certain articles of the military code.
This carefully preserved scum of our nation then made the
Revolution. And the reason why it could do so was that the
extreme section composed of the best elements was no longer
there to oppose it. It no longer existed.
Hence the German Revolution, from the very beginning,
depended on only one section of the population. This act of Cain
was not committed by the German people as such, but by an
obscure canaille of deserters, hooligans, etc.
The man at the front gladly welcomed the end of the strife in
which so much blood had been shed. He was happy to be able to
return home and see his wife and children once again. But he had
no moral connection with the Revolution. He did not like it, nor
did he like those who had provoked and organized it. During the
fourandahalf years of that bitter struggle at the front he had
come to forget the party hyenas at home and all their wrangling
had become foreign to him.
The Revolution was really popular only with a small section of
the German people: namely, that class and their accomplices who
had selected the rucksack as the hallmark of all honourable
citizens in this new State. They did not like the Revolution for its
own sake, though many people still erroneously believe the
contrary, but for the consequences which followed in its train.
But it was very difficult to establish any abiding authority on the
popular support given to these Marxist freebooters. And yet the
young Republic stood in need of authority at any cost, unless it
was ready to agree to be overthrown after a short period of chaos
by an elementary force assembled from those last elements that
still remained among the best extreme of the population.
The danger which those who were responsible for the Revolution
feared most at that time was that, in the turmoil of the confusion
which they themselves had created, the ground would suddenly
be taken from under their feet, that they might be suddenly seized
and transported to another terrain by an iron grip, such as has
often appeared at these junctures in the history of nations. The
Republic must be consolidated at all costs.
Hence it was forced almost immediately after its foundation to
erect another pillar beside that wavering pillar of popularity.
They found that power must be organized once again in order to
procure a firmer foundation for their authority.
When those who had been the matadors of the Revolution in
December 1918, and January and February 1919, felt the ground
trembling beneath their feet they looked around them for men
who would be ready to reinforce them with military support; for
their feeble position was dependent only on whatever popular
favour they enjoyed. The 'antimilitarist' Republic had need of
soldiers. But the first and only pillar on which the authority of
the State rested, namely, its popularity, was grounded only on a
conglomeration of rowdies and thieves, burglars, deserters,
shirkers, etc. Therefore in that section of the nation which we
have called the evil extreme it was useless to look for men who
would be willing to sacrifice their lives on behalf of a new ideal.
The section which had nourished the revolutionary idea and
carried out the Revolution was neither able nor willing to call on
the soldiers to protect it. For that section had no wish whatsoever
to organize a republican State, but to disorganize what already
existed and thus satisfy its own instincts all the better. Their
password was not the organization and construction of the
German Republic, but rather the plundering of it.
Hence the cry for help sent out by the public representatives, who
were beset by a thousand anxieties, did not find any response
among this class of people, but rather provoked a feeling of
bitterness and repudiation. For they looked upon this step as the
beginning of a breach of faith and trust, and in the building up of
an authority which was no longer based on popular support but
also on force they saw the beginning of a hostile move against
what the Revolution meant essentially for those elements. They
feared that measures might be taken against the right to robbery
and absolute domination on the part of a horde of thieves and
plunderers – in short, the worst rabble – who had broken out of
the convict prisons and left their chains behind.
The representatives of the people might cry out as much as they
liked, but they could get no help from that rabble. The cries for
help were met with the countercry 'traitors' by those very people
on whose support the popularity of the regime was founded.
Then for the first time large numbers of young Germans were
found who were ready to button on the military uniform once
again in the service of 'Peace and Order', as they believed,
shouldering the carbine and rifle and donning the steel helmet to
defend the wreckers of the Fatherland. Volunteer corps were
assembled and, although hating the Revolution, they began to
defend it. The practical effect of their action was to render the
Revolution firm and stable. In doing this they acted in perfect
good faith.
The real organizer of the Revolution and the actual wirepuller
behind it, the international Jew, had sized up the situation
correctly. The German people were not yet ripe to be drawn into
the blood swamp of Bolshevism, as the Russian people had been
drawn. And that was because there was a closer racial union
between the intellectual classes in Germany and the manual
workers, and also because broad social strata were permeated
with cultured people, such as was the case also in the other States
of Western Europe; but this state of affairs was completely
lacking in Russia. In that country the intellectual classes were
mostly not of Russian nationality, or at least they did not have
the racial characteristics of the Slav. The thin upper layer of
intellectuals which then existed in Russia might be abolished at
any time, because there was no intermediate stratum connecting
it organically with the great mass of the people. There the mental
and moral level of the great mass of the people was frightfully
low.
In Russia the moment the agitators were successful in inciting
broad masses of the people, who could not read or write, against
the upper layer of intellectuals who were not in contact with the
masses or permanently linked with them in any way – at that
moment the destiny of Russia was decided, the success of the
Revolution was assured. Thereupon the analphabetic Russian
became the slave of his Jewish dictators who, on their side, were
shrewd enough to name their dictatorship 'The Dictatorship of
the People'.
In the case of Germany an additional factor must be taken into
account. Here the Revolution could be carried into effect only if
the Army could first be gradually dismembered. But the real
author of the Revolution and of the process of disintegration in
the Army was not the soldier who had fought at the front but the
canaille which more or less shunned the light and which were
either quartered in the home garrisons or were officiating as
'indispensables' somewhere in the business world at home. This
army was reinforced by ten thousand deserters who, without
running any particular risk, could turn their backs on the Front.
At all times the real poltroon fears nothing so much as death. But
at the Front he had death before his eyes every day in a thousand
different shapes. There has always been one possible way, and
one only, of making weak or wavering men, or even downright
poltroons, face their duty steadfastly. This means that the
deserter must be given to understand that his desertion will bring
upon him just the very thing he is flying from. At the Front a
man may die, but the deserter must die. Only this draconian
threat against every attempt to desert the flag can have a
terrifying effect, not merely on the individual but also on the
mass. Therein lay the meaning and purpose of the military penal
code.
It was a fine belief to think that the great struggle for the life of a
nation could be carried through if it were based solely on
voluntary fidelity arising from and sustained by the knowledge
that such a struggle was necessary. The voluntary fulfilment of
one's duty is a motive that determines the actions of only the best
men, but not of the average type of men. Hence special laws are
necessary; just as, for instance, the law against stealing, which
was not made for men who are honest on principle but for the
weak and unstable elements. Such laws are meant to hinder the
evildoer through their deterrent effect and thus prevent a state of
affairs from arising in which the honest man is considered the
more stupid, and which would end in the belief that it is better to
have a share in the robbery than to stand by with empty hands or
allow oneself to be robbed.
It was a mistake to believe that in a struggle which, according to
all human foresight, might last for several years it would be
possible to dispense with those expedients which the experience
of hundreds and even of thousands of years had proved to be
effective in making weak and unstable men face and fulfil their
duty in difficult times and at moments of great nervous stress.
For the voluntary war hero it is, of course, not necessary to have
the death penalty in the military code, but it is necessary for the
cowardly egoists who value their own lives more than the
existence of the community in the hour of national need. Such
weak and characterless people can be held back from
surrendering to their cowardice only by the application of the
heaviest penalties. When men have to struggle with death every
day and remain for weeks in trenches of mire, often very badly
supplied with food, the man who is unsure of himself and begins
to waver cannot be made to stick to his post by threats of
imprisonment or even penal servitude. Only by a ruthless
enforcement of the death penalty can this be effected. For
experience shows that at such a time the recruit considers prison
a thousand times more preferable than the battlefield. In prison at
least his precious life is not in danger. The practical abolition of
the death penalty during the war was a mistake for which we had
to pay dearly. Such omission really meant that the military penal
code was no longer recognized as valid. An army of deserters
poured into the stations at the rear or returned home, especially in
1918, and there began to form that huge criminal organization
with which we were suddenly faced, after November 7th, 1918,
and which perpetrated the Revolution.
The Front had nothing to do with all this. Naturally, the soldiers
at the Front were yearning for peace. But it was precisely that
fact which represented a special danger for the Revolution. For
when the German soldiers began to draw near home, after the
Armistice, the revolutionaries were in trepidation and asked the
same question again and again: What will the troops from the
Front do? Will the fieldgreys stand for it?
During those weeks the Revolution was forced to give itself at
least an external appearance of moderation, if it were not to run
the risk of being wrecked in a moment by a few German
divisions. For at that time, even if the commander of one division
alone had made up his mind to rally the soldiers of his division,
who had always remained faithful to him, in an onslaught to tear
down the red flag and put the 'councils' up against the wall, or, if
there was any resistance, to break it with trenchmortars and hand
grenades, that division would have grown into an army of sixty
divisions in less than four weeks. The Jew wirepullers were
terrified by this prospect more than by anything else; and to
forestall this particular danger they found it necessary to give the
Revolution a certain aspect of moderation. They dared not allow
it to degenerate into Bolshevism, so they had to face the existing
conditions by putting up the hypocritical picture of 'order and
tranquillity'. Hence many important concessions, the appeal to
the old civil service and to the heads of the old Army. They
would be needed at least for a certain time, and only when they
had served the purpose of Turks' Heads could the deserved kick
out be administered with impunity. Then the Republic would be
taken entirely out of the hands of the old servants of the State and
delivered into the claws of the revolutionaries.
They thought that this was the only plan which would succeed in
duping the old generals and civil servants and disarm any
eventual opposition beforehand through the apparently harmless
and mild character of the new regime.
Practical experience has shown to what extent the plan
succeeded.
The Revolution, however, was not made by the peaceful and
orderly elements of the nation but rather by rioters, thieves and
robbers. And the way in which the Revolution was developing
did not accord with the intentions of these latter elements; still,
on tactical grounds, it was not possible to explain to them the
reasons for the course things were taking and make that course
acceptable.
As Social Democracy gradually gained power it lost more and
more the character of a crude revolutionary party. Of course in
their inner hearts the Social Democrats wanted a revolution; and
their leaders had no other end in view. Certainly not. But what
finally resulted was only a revolutionary programme; but not a
body of men who would be able to carry it out. A revolution
cannot be carried through by a party of ten million members. If
such a movement were attempted the leaders would find that it
was not an extreme section of the population on which they had
to depend butrather the broad masses of the middle stratum;
hence the inert masses.
Recognizing all this, already during the war, the Jews caused the
famous split in the Social Democratic Party. While the Social
Democratic Party, conforming to the inertia of its mass
following, clung like a leaden weight on the neck of the national
defence, the actively radical elements were extracted from it and
formed into new aggressive columns for purposes of attack. The
Independent Socialist Party and the Spartacist League were the
storm battalions of revolutionary Marxism. The objective
assigned to them was to create a fait accompli, on the grounds of
which the masses of the Social Democratic Party could take their
stand, having been prepared for this event long beforehand. The
feckless bourgeoisie had been estimated at its just value by the
Marxists and treated en canaille. Nobody bothered about it,
knowing well that in their canine servility the representatives of
an old and wornout generation would not be able to offer any
serious resistance.
When the Revolution had succeeded and its artificers believed
that the main pillars of the old State had been broken down, the
Army returning from the Front began to appear in the light of a
sinister sphinx and thus made it necessary to slow down the
national course of the Revolution. The main body of the Social
Democratic horde occupied the conquered positions, and the
Independent Socialist and Spartacist storm battalions were side
tracked.
But that did not happen without a struggle.
The activist assault formations that had started the Revolution
were dissatisfied and felt that they had been betrayed. They now
wanted to continue the fight on their own account. But their
illimitable racketeering became odious even to the wirepullers
of the Revolution. For the Revolution itself had scarcely been
accomplished when two camps appeared. In the one camp were
the elements of peace and order; in the other were those of blood
and terror. Was it not perfectly natural that our bourgeoisie
should rush with flying colours to the camp of peace and order?
For once in their lives their piteous political organizations found
it possible to act, inasmuch as the ground had been prepared for
them on which they were glad to get a new footing; and thus to a
certain extent they found themselves in coalition with that power
which they hated but feared. The German political bourgeoisie
achieved the high honour of being able to associate itself with the
accursed Marxist leaders for the purpose of combating
Bolshevism.
Thus the following state of affairs took shape as early as
December 1918 and January 1919:
A minority constituted of the worst elements had made the
Revolution. And behind this minority all the Marxist parties
immediately fell into step. The Revolution itself had an outward
appearance of moderation, which aroused against it the enmity of
the fanatical extremists. These began to launch handgrenades
and fire machineguns, occupying public buildings, thus
threatening to destroy the moderate appearance of the
Revolution. To prevent this terror from developing further a truce
was concluded between the representatives of the new regime
and the adherents of the old order, so as to be able to wage a
common fight against the extremists. The result was that the
enemies of the Republic ceased to oppose the Republic as such
and helped to subjugate those who were also enemies of the
Republic, though for quite different reasons. But a further result
was that all danger of the adherents of the old State putting up a
fight against the new was now definitely averted.
This fact must always be clearly kept in mind. Only by
remembering it can we understand how it was possible that a
nation in which ninetenths of the people had not joined in a
revolution, where seventenths repudiated it and sixtenths
detested it – how this nation allowed the Revolution to be
imposed upon it by the remaining onetenth of the population.
Gradually the barricade heroes in the Spartacist camp petered
out, and so did the nationalist patriots and idealists on the other
side. As these two groups steadily dwindled, the masses of the
middle stratum, as always happens, triumphed. The Bourgeoisie
and the Marxists met together on the grounds of accomplished
facts, and the Republic began to be consolidated. At first,
however, that did not prevent the bourgeois parties from
propounding their monarchist ideas for some time further,
especially at the elections, whereby they endeavoured to conjure
up the spirits of the dead past to encourage their own feeble
hearted followers. It was not an honest proceeding. In their hearts
they had broken with the monarchy long ago; but the foulness of
the new regime had begun to extend its corruptive action and
make itself felt in the camp of the bourgeois parties. The
common bourgeois politician now felt better in the slime of
republican corruption than in the severe decency of the defunct
State, which still lived in his memory.
As I have already pointed out, after the destruction of the old
Army the revolutionary leaders were forced to strengthen statal
authority by creating a new factor of power. In the conditions
that existed they could do this only by winning over to their side
the adherents of an outlook which was a direct contradiction of
their own. From those elements alone it was possible slowly to
create a new army which, limited numerically by the peace
treaties, had to be subsequently transformed in spirit so as to
become an instrument of the new regime.
Setting aside the defects of the old State, which really became the
cause of the Revolution, if we ask how it was possible to carry
the Revolution to a successful issue as a political act, we arrive at
the following conclusions:
1. It was due to a process of dry rot in our conceptions of duty
and obedience.
2. It was due also to the passive timidity of the Parties who were
supposed to uphold the State.
To this the following must be added: The dry rot which attacked
our concepts of duty and obedience was fundamentally due to
our wholly nonnational and purely State education. From this
came the habit of confusing means and ends. Consciousness of
duty, fulfilment of duty, and obedience, are not ends in
themselves no more than the State is an end in itself; but they all
ought to be employed as means to facilitate and assure the
existence of a community of people who are kindred both
physically and spiritually. At a moment when a nation is
manifestly collapsing and when all outward signs show that it is
on the point of becoming the victim of ruthless oppression,
thanks to the conduct of a few miscreants, to obey these people
and fulfil one's duty towards them is merely doctrinaire
formalism, and indeed pure folly; whereas, on the other hand, the
refusal of obedience and fulfilment of duty in such a case might
save the nation from collapse. According to our current
bourgeois idea of the State, if a divisional general received from
above the order not to shoot he fulfilled his duty and therefore
acted rightly in not shooting, because to the bourgeois mind blind
formal obedience is a more valuable thing than the life of a
nation. But according to the National Socialist concept it is not
obedience to weak superiors that should prevail at such moments,
in such an hour the duty of assuming personal responsibility
towards the whole nation makes its appearance.
The Revolution succeeded because that concept had ceased to be
a vital force with our people, or rather with our governments, and
died down to something that was merely formal and doctrinaire.
As regards the second point, it may be said that the more
profound cause of the fecklessness of the bourgeois parties must
be attributed to the fact that the most active and upright section
of our people had lost their lives in the war. Apart from that, the
bourgeois parties, which may be considered as the only political
formations that stood by the old State, were convinced that they
ought to defend their principles only by intellectual ways and
means, since the use of physical force was permitted only to the
State. That outlook was a sign of the weakness and decadence
which had been gradually developing. And it was also senseless
at a period when there was a political adversary who had long
ago abandoned that standpoint and, instead of this, had openly
declared that he meant to attain his political ends by force
whenever that became possible. When Marxism emerged in the
world of bourgeois democracy, as a consequence of that
democracy itself, the appeal sent out by the bourgeois democracy
to fight Marxism with intellectual weapons was a piece of folly
for which a terrible expiation had to be made later on. For
Marxism always professed the doctrine that the use of arms was
a matter which had to be judged from the standpoint of
expediency and that success justified the use of arms.
This idea was proved correct during the days from November 7
to 10, 1918. The Marxists did not then bother themselves in the
least about parliament or democracy, but they gave the death
blow to both by turning loose their horde of criminals to shoot
and raise hell.
When the Revolution was over the bourgeois parties changed the
title of their firm and suddenly reappeared, the heroic leaders
emerging from dark cellars or more lightsome storehouses where
they had sought refuge. But, just as happens in the case of all
representatives of antiquated institutions, they had not forgotten
their errors or learned anything new. Their political programme
was grounded in the past, even though they themselves had
become reconciled to the new regime. Their aim was to secure a
share in the new establishment, and so they continued the use of
words as their sole weapon.
Therefore after the Revolution the bourgeois parties also
capitulated to the street in a miserable fashion.
When the law for the Protection of the Republic was introduced
the majority was not at first in favour of it. But, confronted with
two hundred thousand Marxists demonstrating in the streets, the
bourgeois 'statesmen' were so terrorstricken that they voted for
the Law against their wills, for the edifying reason that otherwise
they feared they might get their heads smashed by the enraged
masses on leaving the Reichstag.
And so the new State developed along its own course, as if there
had been no national opposition at all.
The only organizations which at that time had the strength and
courage to face Marxism and its enraged masses were first of all
the volunteer corps, and subsequently the organizations for self
defence, the civic guards and finally the associations formed by
the demobilized soldiers of the old Army.
But the existence of these bodies did not appreciably change the
course of German history; and that for the following causes:
As the socalled national parties were without influence, because
they had no force which could effectively demonstrate in the
street, the Leagues of Defence could not exercise any influence
because they had no political idea and especially because they
had no definite political aim in view.
The success which Marxism once attained was due to perfect co
operation between political purposes and ruthless force. What
deprived nationalist Germany of all practical hopes of shaping
German development was the lack of a determined cooperation
between brute force and political aims wisely chosen.
Whatever may have been the aspirations of the 'national' parties,
they had no force whatsoever to fight for these aspirations, least
of all in the streets.
The Defense Leagues had force at their disposal. They were
masters of the street and of the State, but they lacked political
ideas and aims on behalf of which their forces might have been
or could have been employed in the interests of the German
nation. The cunning Jew was able in both cases, by his astute
powers of persuasion, in reinforcing an already existing tendency
to make this unfortunate state of affairs permanent and at the
same time to drive the roots of it still deeper.
The Jew succeeded brilliantly in using his Press for the purpose
of spreading abroad the idea that the defence associations were of
a 'nonpolitical' character just as in politics he was always astute
enough to praise the purely intellectual character of the struggle
and demand that it must always be kept on that plane Millions of
German imbeciles then repeated this folly without having the
slightest suspicion that by so doing they were, for all practical
purposes, disarming themselves and delivering themselves
defenceless into the hands of the Jew.
But there is a natural explanation of this also. The lack of a great
idea which would reshape things anew has always meant a
limitation in fighting power. The conviction of the right to
employ even the most brutal weapons is always associated with
an ardent faith in the necessity for a new and revolutionary
transformation of the world.
A movement which does not fight for such high aims and ideals
will never have recourse to extreme means.
The appearance of a new and great idea was the secret of success
in the French Revolution. The Russian Revolution owes its
triumph to an idea. And it was only the idea that enabled Fascism
triumphantly to subject a whole nation to a process of complete
renovation.
Bourgeois parties are not capable of such an achievement. And it
was not the bourgeois parties alone that fixed their aim in a
restoration of the past. The defence associations also did so, in so
far as they concerned themselves with political aims at all. The
spirit of the old war legions and Kyffauser tendencies lived in
them and therewith helped politically to blunt the sharpest
weapons which the German nation then possessed and allow
them to rust in the hands of republican serfs. The fact that these
associations were inspired by the best of intentions in so doing,
and certainly acted in good faith, does not alter in the slightest
degree the foolishness of the course they adopted.
In the consolidated Reichswehr Marxism gradually acquired the
support of force, which it needed for its authority. As a logical
consequence it proceeded to abolish those defence associations
which it considered dangerous, declaring that they were now no
longer necessary. Some rash leaders who defied the Marxist
orders were summoned to court and sent to prison. But they all
got what they had deserved.
The founding of the National Socialist German Labour Party
incited a movement which was the first to fix its aim, not in a
mechanical restoration of the past as the bourgeois parties did
but in the substitution of an organic People's State for the present
absurd statal mechanism.
From the first day of its foundation the new movement took its
stand on the principle that its ideas had to be propagated by
intellectual means but that, wherever necessary, muscular force
must be employed to support this propaganda. In accordance
with their conviction of the paramount importance of the new
doctrine, the leaders of the new movement naturally believe that
no sacrifice can be considered too great when it is a question of
carrying through the purpose of the movement.
I have emphasized that in certain circumstances a movement
which is meant to win over the hearts of the people must be
ready to defend itself with its own forces against terrorist
attempts on the part of its adversaries. It has invariably happened
in the history of the world that formal State authority has failed
to break a reign of terror which was inspired by a philosophy of
life. It can only be conquered by a new and different philosophy
of life whose representatives are quite as audacious and
determined. The acknowledgment of this fact has always been
very unpleasant for the bureaucrats who are the protectors of the
State, but the fact remains nevertheless. The rulers of the State
can guarantee tranquillity and order only in case the State
embodies a philosophy which is shared in by the people as a
whole; so that elements of disturbance can be treated as isolated
criminals, instead of being considered as the champions of an
idea which is diametrically opposed to official opinions. If such
should be the case the State may employ the most violent
measures for centuries long against the terror that threatens it; but
in the end all these measures will prove futile, and the State will
have to succumb.
The German State is intensely overrun by Marxism. In a struggle
that went on for seventy years the State was not able to prevent
the triumph of the Marxist idea. Even though the sentences to
penal servitude and imprisonment amounted in all to thousands
of years, and even though the most sanguinary methods of
repression were in innumerable instances threatened against the
champions of the Marxist philosophy, in the end the State was
forced to capitulate almost completely. The ordinary bourgeois
political leaders will deny all this, but their protests are futile.
Seeing that the State capitulated unconditionally to Marxism on
November 9th, 1918, it will not suddenly rise up tomorrow as the
conqueror of Marxism. On the contrary. Bourgeois simpletons
sitting on office stools in the various ministries babble about the
necessity of not governing against the wishes of the workers, and
by the word 'workers' they mean the Marxists. By identifying the
German worker with Marxism not only are they guilty of a vile
falsification of the truth, but they thus try to hide their own
collapse before the Marxist idea and the Marxist organization.
In view of the complete subordination of the present State to
Marxism, the National Socialist Movement feels all the more
bound not only to prepare the way for the triumph of its idea by
appealing to the reason and understanding of the public but also
to take upon itself the responsibility of organizing its own
defence against the terror of the International, which is
intoxicated with its own victory.
I have already described how practical experience in our young
movement led us slowly to organize a system of defence for our
meetings. This gradually assumed the character of a military
body specially trained for the maintenance of order, and tended
to develop into a service which would have its properly
organized cadres.
This new formation might resemble the defence associations
externally, but in reality there were no grounds of comparison
between the one and the other.
As I have already said, the German defence organizations did not
have any definite political ideas of their own. They really were
only associations for mutual protection, and they were trained
and organized accordingly, so that they were an illegal
complement or auxiliary to the legal forces of the State. Their
character as free corps arose only from the way in which they
were constructed and the situation in which the State found itself
at that time. But they certainly could not claim to be free corps
on the grounds that they were associations formed freely and
privately for the purpose of fighting for their own freely formed
political convictions. Such they were not, despite the fact that
some of their leaders and some associations as such were
definitely opposed to the Republic. For before we can speak of
political convictions in the higher sense we must be something
more than merely convinced that the existing regime is defective.
Political convictions in the higher sense mean that one has the
picture of a new regime clearly before one's mind, feels that the
establishment of this regime is an absolute necessity and sets
himself to carry out that purpose as the highest task to which his
life can be devoted.
The troops for the preservation of order, which were then formed
under the National Socialist Movement, were fundamentally
different from all the other defence associations by reason of the
fact that our formations were not meant in any way to defend the
state of things created by the Revolution, but rather that they
were meant exclusively to support our struggle for the creation of
a new Germany.
In the beginning this body was merely a guard to maintain order
at our meetings. Its first task was limited to making it possible
for us to hold our meetings, which otherwise would have been
completely prevented by our opponents. These men were at that
time trained merely for purposes of attack, but they were not
taught to adore the big stick exclusively, as was then pretended in
stupid German patriotic circles. They used the cudgel because
they knew that it can be made impossible for high ideals to be
put forward if the man who endeavours to propagate them can be
struck down with the cudgel. As a matter of fact, it has happened
in history not infrequently that some of the greatest minds have
perished under the blows of the most insignificant helots. Our
bodyguards did not look upon violence as an end in itself, but
they protected the expositors of ideal aims and purposes against
hostile coercion by violence. They also understood that there was
no obligation to undertake the defence of a State which did not
guarantee the defence of the nation, but that, on the contrary,
they had to defend the nation against those who were threatening
to destroy nation and State.
After the fight which took place at the meeting in the Munich
Hofbräuhaus, where the small number of our guards who were
present won everlasting fame for themselves by the heroic
manner in which they stormed the adversaries; these guards were
called The Storm Detachment. As the name itself indicates, they
represent only a detachment of the Movement. They are one
constituent element of it, just as is the Press, the propaganda,
educational institutes, and other sections of the Party.
We learned how necessary was the formation of such a body, not
only from our experience on the occasion of that memorable
meeting but also when we sought gradually to carry the
Movement beyond Munich and extend it to the other parts of
Germany. Once we had begun to appear as a danger to Marxism
the Marxists lost no opportunity of trying to crush beforehand all
preparations for the holding of National Socialist meetings.
When they did not succeed in this they tried to break up the
meeting itself. It goes without saying that all the Marxist
organizations, no matter of what grade or view, blindly supported
the policy and activities of their representations in every case.
But what is to be said of the bourgeois parties who, when they
were reduced to silence by these same Marxists and in many
places did not dare to send their speakers to appear before the
public, yet showed themselves pleased, in a stupid and
incomprehensible manner, every time we received any kind of
setback in our fight against Marxism. The bourgeois parties
were happy to think that those whom they themselves could not
stand up against, but had to knuckle down to, could not be
broken by us. What must be said of those State officials, chiefs of
police, and even cabinet ministers, who showed a scandalous
lack of principle in presenting themselves externally to the public
as 'national' and yet shamelessly acted as the henchmen of the
Marxists in the disputes which we, National Socialists, had with
the latter. What can be said of persons who debased themselves
so far, for the sake of a little abject praise in the Jewish Press,
that they persecuted those men to whose heroic courage and
intervention, regardless of risk, they were partly indebted for not
having been torn to pieces by the Red mob a few years
previously and strung up to the lampposts?
One day these lamentable phenomena fired the late but
unforgotten Prefect Pöhner – a man whose unbending
straightforwardness forced him to hate all twisters and to hate
them as only a man with an honest heart can hate – to say: "In all
my life I wished to be first a German and then an official, and I
never wanted to mix up with these creatures who, as if they were
kept officials, prostituted themselves before anybody who could
play lord and master for the time being." It was a specially sad
thing that gradually tens of thousands of honest and loyal
servants of the State did not only come under the power of such
people but were also slowly contaminated by their unprincipled
morals. Moreover, these kind of men pursued honest officials
with a furious hatred, degrading them and driving them from
their positions, and yet passed themselves off as 'national' by the
aid of their lying hypocrisy.
From officials of that kind we could expect no support, and only
in very rare instances was it given. Only by building up its own
defence could our movement become secure and attract that
amount of public attention and general respect which is given to
those who can defend themselves when attacked.
As an underlying principle in the internal development of the
Storm Detachment, we came to the decision that not only should
it be perfectly trained in bodily efficiency but that the men
should be so instructed as to make them indomitably convinced
champions of the National Socialist ideas and, finally, that they
should be schooled to observe the strictest discipline. This body
was to have nothing to do with the defence organizations of the
bourgeois type and especially not with any secret organization.
My reasons at that time for guarding strictly against letting the
Storm Detachment of the German National Socialist Labour
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