party was dissolved and its property confiscated. The total sum
realized by all the objects of value and the paper amounted to
more than 170,000 gold marks.
Chapter 12:
The Trade Union Question
Owing to the rapid growth of the movement, in 1922 we felt
compelled to take a definite stand on a question which has not
been fully solved even yet.
In our efforts to discover the quickest and easiest way for the
movement to reach the heart of the broad masses we were always
confronted with the objection that the worker could never
completely belong to us while his interests in the purely
vocational and economic sphere were cared for by a political
organization conducted by men whose principles were quite
different from ours.
That was quite a serious objection. The general belief was that a
workman engaged in some trade or other could not exist if he did
not belong to a trade union. Not only were his professional
interests thus protected but a guarantee of permanent
employment was simply inconceivable without membership in a
trade union. The majority of the workers were in the trades
unions. Generally speaking, the unions had successfully
conducted the battle for the establishment of a definite scale of
wages and had concluded agreements which guaranteed the
worker a steady income. Undoubtedly the workers in the various
trades benefited by the results of that campaign and, for honest
men especially, conflicts of conscience must have arisen if they
took the wages which had been assured through the struggle
fought by the trades unions and if at the same time the men
themselves withdrew from the fight.
It was difficult to discuss this problem with the average
bourgeois employer. He had no understanding (or did not wish to
have any) for either the material or moral side of the question.
Finally he declared that his own economic interests were in
principle opposed to every kind of organization which joined
together the workmen that were dependent on him. Hence it was
for the most part impossible to bring these bourgeois employers
to take an impartial view of the situation. Here, therefore, as in so
many other cases, it was necessary to appeal to disinterested
outsiders who would not be subject to the temptation of fixing
their attention on the trees and failing to see the forest. With a
little good will on their part, they could much more easily
understand a state of affairs which is of the highest importance
for our present and future existence.
In the first volume of this book I have already expressed my
views on the nature and purpose and necessity of trade unions.
There I took up the standpoint that unless measures are
undertaken by the State (usually futile in such cases) or a new
ideal is introduced in our education, which would change the
attitude of the employer towards the worker, no other course
would be open to the latter except to defend his own interests
himself by appealing to his equal rights as a contracting party
within the economic sphere of the nation's existence. I stated
further that this would conform to the interests of the national
community if thereby social injustices could be redressed which
otherwise would cause serious damage to the whole social
structure. I stated, moreover, that the worker would always find it
necessary to undertake this protective action as long as there
were men among the employers who had no sense of their social
obligations nor even of the most elementary human rights. And I
concluded by saying that if such selfdefence be considered
necessary its form ought to be that of an association made up of
the workers themselves on the basis of trades unions.
This was my general idea and it remained the same in 1922. But
a clear and precise formula was still to be discovered. We could
not be satisfied with merely understanding the problem. It was
necessary to come to some conclusions that could be put into
practice. The following questions had to be answered:
(1) Are trade unions necessary?
(2) Should the German National Socialist Labour Party itself
operate on a trade unionist basis or have its members take part in
trade unionist activities in some form or other?
(3) What form should a National Socialist Trades Union take?
What are the tasks confronting us and the ends we must try to
attain?
(4) How can we establish trade unions for such tasks and aims?
I think that I have already answered the first question adequately.
In the present state of affairs I am convinced that we cannot
possibly dispense with the trades unions. On the contrary, they
are among the most important institutions in the economic life of
the nation. Not only are they important in the sphere of social
policy but also, and even more so, in the national political sphere.
For when the great masses of a nation see their vital needs
satisfied through a just trade unionist movement the stamina of
the whole nation in its struggle for existence will be enormously
reinforced thereby.
Before everything else, the trades unions are necessary as
building stones for the future economic parliament, which will be
made up of chambers representing the various professions and
occupations.
The second question is also easy to answer. If the trade unionist
movement is important, then it is clear that National Socialism
ought to take a definite stand on that question, not only
theoretically but also in practice. But how? That is more difficult
to see clearly.
The National Socialist Movement, which aims at establishing the
National Socialist People's State, must always bear steadfastly in
mind the principle that every future institution under that State
must be rooted in the movement itself. It is a great mistake to
believe that by acquiring possession of supreme political power
we can bring about a definite reorganization, suddenly starting
from nothing, without the help of a certain reserve stock of men
who have been trained beforehand, especially in the spirit of the
movement. Here also the principle holds good that the spirit is
always more important than the external form which it animates;
since this form can be created mechanically and quickly. For
instance, the leadership principle may be imposed on an
organized political community in a dictatorial way. But this
principle can become a living reality only by passing through the
stages that are necessary for its own evolution. These stages lead
from the smallest cell of the State organism upwards. As its
bearers and representatives, the leadership principle must have a
body of men who have passed through a process of selection
lasting over several years, who have been tempered by the hard
realities of life and thus rendered capable of carrying the
principle into practical effect.
It is out of the question to think that a scheme for the
Constitution of a State can be pulled out of a portfolio at a
moment's notice and 'introduced' by imperative orders from
above. One may try that kind of thing but the result will always
be something that has not sufficient vitality to endure. It will be
like a stillborn infant. The idea of it calls to mind the origin of
the Weimar Constitution and the attempt to impose on the
German people a new Constitution and a new flag, neither of
which had any inner relation to the vicissitudes of our people's
history during the last half century.
The National Socialist State must guard against all such
experiments. It must grow out of an organization which has
already existed for a long time. This organization must possess
National Socialist life in itself, so that finally it may be able to
establish a National Socialist State that will be a living reality.
As I have already said, the germ cells of this State must lie in the
administrative chambers which will represent the various
occupations and professions, therefore first of all in the trades
unions. If this subsequent vocational representation and the
Central Economic Parliament are to be National Socialist
institutions, these important germ cells must be vehicles of the
National Socialist concept of life. The institutions of the
movement are to be brought over into the State; for the State
cannot call into existence all of a sudden and as if by magic those
institutions which are necessary to its existence, unless it wishes
to have institutions that are bound to remain completely lifeless.
Looking at the matter from the highest standpoint, the National
Socialist Movement will have to recognize the necessity of
adopting its own tradeunionist policy.
It must do this for a further reason, namely because a real
National Socialist education for the employer as well as for the
employee, in the spirit of a mutual cooperation within the
common framework of the national community, cannot be
secured by theoretical instruction, appeals and exhortations, but
through the struggles of daily life. In this spirit and through this
spirit the movement must educate the several large economic
groups and bring them closer to one another under a wider
outlook. Without this preparatory work it would be sheer illusion
to hope that a real national community can be brought into
existence. The great ideal represented by its philosophy of life
and for which the movement fights can alone form a general style
of thought steadily and slowly. And this style will show that the
new state of things rests on foundations that are internally sound
and not merely an external façade.
Hence the movement must adopt a positive attitude towards the
tradeunionist idea. But it must go further than this. For the
enormous number of members and followers of the trade
unionist movement it must provide a practical education which
will meet the exigencies of the coming National Socialist State.
The answer to the third question follows from what has been
already said.
The National Socialist Trades Union is not an instrument for
class warfare, but a representative organ of the various
occupations and callings. The National Socialist State recognizes
no 'classes'. But, under the political aspect, it recognizes only
citizens with absolutely equal rights and equal obligations
corresponding thereto. And, side by side with these, it recognizes
subjects of the State who have no political rights whatsoever.
According to the National Socialist concept, it is not the task of
the trades union to band together certain men within the national
community and thus gradually transform these men into a class,
so as to use them in a conflict against other groups similarly
organized within the national community. We certainly cannot
assign this task to the trades union as such. This was the task
assigned to it the moment it became a fighting weapon in the
hands of the Marxists. The trades union is not naturally an
instrument of class warfare; but the Marxists transformed it into
an instrument for use in their own class struggle. They created
the economic weapon which the international Jew uses for the
purpose of destroying the economic foundations of free and
independent national States, for ruining their national industry
and trade and thereby enslaving free nations to serve Jewish
worldfinance, which transcends all State boundaries.
In contradistinction to this, the National Socialist Trades Union
must organize definite groups and those who participate in the
economic life of the nation and thus enhance the security of the
national economic system itself, reinforcing it by the elimination
of all those anomalies which ultimately exercise a destructive
influence on the social body of the nation, damaging the vital
forces of the national community, prejudicing the welfare of the
State and, by no means as a last consequence, bringing evil and
destruction on economic life itself.
Therefore in the hands of the National Socialist Trades Union the
strike is not an instrument for disturbing and dislocating the
national production, but for increasing it and making it run
smoothly, by fighting against all those annoyances which by
reason of their unsocial character hinder efficiency in business
and thereby hamper the existence of the whole nation. For
individual efficiency stands always in casual relation to the
general social and juridical position of the individual in the
economic process. Individual efficiency is also the sole root of
the conviction that the economic prosperity of the nation must
necessarily redound to the benefit of the individual citizen.
The National Socialist employee will have to recognize the fact
that the economic prosperity of the nation brings with it his own
material happiness.
The National Socialist employer must recognize that the
happiness and contentment of his employees are necessary pre
requisites for the existence and development of his own
economic prosperity.
National Socialist workers and employers are both together the
delegates and mandatories of the whole national community. The
large measure of personal freedom which is accorded to them for
their activities must be explained by the fact that experience has
shown that the productive powers of the individual are more
enhanced by being accorded a generous measure of freedom than
by coercion from above. Moreover, by according this freedom
we give free play to the natural process of selection which brings
forward the ablest and most capable and most industrious. For
the National Socialist Trades Union, therefore, the strike is a
means that may, and indeed must, be resorted to as long as there
is not a National Socialist State yet. But when that State is
established it will, as a matter of course, abolish the mass
struggle between the two great groups made up of employers and
employees respectively, a struggle which has always resulted in
lessening the national production and injuring the national
community. In place of this struggle, the National Socialist State
will take over the task of caring for and defending the rights of
all parties concerned. It will be the duty of the Economic
Chamber itself to keep the national economic system in smooth
working order and to remove whatever defects or errors it may
suffer from. Questions that are now fought over through a quarrel
that involves millions of people will then be settled in the
Representative Chambers of Trades and Professions and in the
Central Economic Parliament. Thus employers and employees
will no longer find themselves drawn into a mutual conflict over
wages and hours of work, always to the detriment of their mutual
interests. But they will solve these problems together on a higher
plane, where the welfare of the national community and of the
State will be as a shining ideal to throw light on all their
negotiations.
Here again, as everywhere else, the inflexible principle must be
observed, that the interests of the country must come before party
interests.
The task of the National Socialist Trades Union will be to
educate and prepare its members to conform to these ideals. That
task may be stated as follows: All must work together for the
maintenance and security of our people and the People's State,
each one according to the abilities and powers with which Nature
has endowed him and which have been developed and trained by
the national community.
Our fourth question was: How shall we establish trades unions
for such tasks and aims? That is far more difficult to answer.
Generally speaking, it is easier to establish something in new
territory than in old territory which already has its established
institutions. In a district where there is no existing business of a
special character one can easily establish a new business of this
character. But it is more difficult if the same kind of enterprise
already exists and it is most difficult of all when the conditions
are such that only one enterprise of this kind can prosper. For
here the promoters of the new enterprise find themselves
confronted not only with the problem of introducing their own
business but also that of how to bring about the destruction of the
other business already existing in the district, so that the new
enterprise may be able to exist.
It would be senseless to have a National Socialist Trades Union
side by side with other trades unions. For this Trades Union must
be thoroughly imbued with a feeling for the ideological nature of
its task and of the resulting obligation not to tolerate other similar
or hostile institutions. It must also insist that itself alone is
necessary, to the exclusion of all the rest. It can come to no
arrangement and no compromise with kindred tendencies but
must assert its own absolute and exclusive right.
There were two ways which might lead to such a development:
(1) We could establish our Trades Union and then gradually take
up the fight against the Marxist International Trades Union.
(2) Or we could enter the Marxist Trades Union and inculcate a
new spirit in it, with the idea of transforming it into an
instrument in the service of the new ideal.
The first way was not advisable, by reason of the fact that our
financial situation was still the cause of much worry to us at that
time and our resources were quite slender. The effects of the
inflation were steadily spreading and made the particular
situation still more difficult for us, because in those years one
could scarcely speak of any material help which the trades unions
could extend to their members. From this point of view, there
was no reason why the individual worker should pay his dues to
the union. Even the Marxist unions then existing were already on
the point of collapse until, as the result of Herr Cuno's
enlightened Ruhr policy, millions were suddenly poured into
their coffers. This socalled 'national' Chancellor of the Reich
should go down in history as the Redeemer of the Marxist trades
unions.
We could not count on similar financial facilities. And nobody
could be induced to enter a new Trades Union which, on account
of its financial weakness, could not offer him the slightest
material benefit. On the other hand, I felt bound absolutely to
guard against the creation of such an organization which would
only be a shelter for shirkers of the more or less intellectual type.
At that time the question of personnel played the most important
role. I did not have a single man whom I might call upon to carry
out this important task. Whoever could have succeeded at that
time in overthrowing the Marxist unions to make way for the
triumph of the National Socialist corporative idea, which would
then take the place of the ruinous class warfare – such a person
would be fit to rank with the very greatest men our nation has
produced and his bust should be installed in the Valhalla at
Regensburg for the admiration of posterity.
But I knew of no person who could qualify for such a pedestal.
In this connection we must not be led astray by the fact that the
international trades unions are conducted by men of only
mediocre significance, for when those unions were founded there
was nothing else of a similar kind already in existence. Today
the National Socialist Movement must fight against a monster
organization which has existed for a long time, rests on gigantic
foundations and is carefully constructed even in the smallest
details. An assailant must always exercise more intelligence than
the defender, if he is to overthrow the latter. The Marxist trade
unionist citadel may be governed today by mediocre leaders, but
it cannot be taken by assault except through the dauntless energy
and genius of a superior leader on the other side. If such a leader
cannot be found it is futile to struggle with Fate and even more
foolish to try to overthrow the existing state of things without
being able to construct a better in its place.
Here one must apply the maxim that in life it is often better to
allow something to go by the board rather than try to half do it or
do it badly, owing to a lack of suitable means.
To this we must add another consideration, which is not at all of
a demagogic character. At that time I had, and I still have today,
a firmly rooted conviction that when one is engaged in a great
ideological struggle in the political field it would be a grave
mistake to mix up economic questions with this struggle in its
earlier stages. This applies particularly to our German people.
For if such were to happen in their case the economic struggle
would immediately distract the energy necessary for the political
fight. Once the people are brought to believe that they can buy a
little house with their savings they will devote themselves to the
task of increasing their savings and no spare time will be left to
them for the political struggle against those who, in one way or
another, will one day secure possession of the pennies that have
been saved. Instead of participating in the political conflict on
behalf of the opinions and convictions which they have been
brought to accept they will now go further with their 'settlement'
idea and in the end they will find themselves for the most part
sitting on the ground amidst all the stools.
Today the National Socialist Movement is at the beginning of its
struggle. In great part it must first of all shape and develop its
ideals. It must employ every ounce of its energy in the struggle to
have its great ideal accepted, and the success of this effort is not
conceivable unless the combined energies of the movement be
entirely at the service of this struggle.
Today we have a classical example of how the active strength of
a people becomes paralysed when that people is too much taken
up with purely economic problems.
The Revolution which took place in November 1918 was not
made by the trades unions, but it was carried out in spite of them.
And the people of Germany did not wage any political fight for
the future of their country because they thought that the future
could be sufficiently secured by constructive work in the
economic field.
We must learn a lesson from this experience, because in our case
the same thing must happen under the same circumstances. The
more the combined strength of our movement is concentrated in
the political struggle, the more confidently may we count on
being successful along our whole front. But if we busy ourselves
prematurely with trade unionist problems, settlement problems,
etc., it will be to the disadvantage of our own cause, taken as a
whole. For, though these problems may be important, they
cannot be solved in an adequate manner until we have political
power in our hand and are able to use it in the service of this
idea. Until that day comes these problems can have only a
paralysing effect on the movement. And if it takes them up too
soon they will only be a hindrance in the effort to attain its own
ideological aims. It may then easily happen that trade unionist
considerations will control the political direction of the
movement, instead of the ideological aims of the movement
directing the way that the trades unions are to take.
The movement and the nation can derive advantage from a
National Socialist trade unionist organization only if the latter be
so thoroughly inspired by National Socialist ideas that it runs no
danger of falling into step behind the Marxist movement. For a
National Socialist Trades Union which would consider itself only
as a competitor against the Marxist unions would be worse than
none. It must declare war against the Marxist Trades Union, not
only as an organization but, above all, as an idea. It must declare
itself hostile to the idea of class and class warfare and, in place of
this, it must declare itself as the defender of the various
occupational and professional interests of the German people.
Considered from all these points of view it was not then
advisable, nor is it yet advisable, to think of founding our own
Trades Union. That seemed clear to me, at least until somebody
appeared who was obviously called by fate to solve this
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