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AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
Reaching soil as one of the oxides of N produced by
atmospheric electric discharge.
BNF is the biochemical mechanism where rhizobia
bacterial symbiont of legumes fix inert atmospheric nitrogen
into a plant usable form under the presence of enzyme
nitrogenase (Mohammadi an d Sohrabi, 2012). The
nitrogenase enzyme is a biological catalyst which is present
in the bacteriod and mediates the reaction. BNF is an
economically attractive and ecologically sound source of
nitrogen and helps in decreasing the dependence on external
inputs.
Mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation:
Binding of
rhizobia to plant surface (either root or shoot) is essential
for establishing a symbiotic relationship between the host
plant and bacterium. In early stages of symbiosis, a complex
“molecular dialogue” takes place, which involves production
of Nod factors by the bacterium and flavonoids by the roots
of legume plants. This helps in the host recognition and
initiation of the nodulation process. When bacteria colonize
the root surface, it induces curling of root hair tips. Rhizobia
caught in the root hairs, locally degrade the plant cell walls
and form an invagination called infection thread through
which bacterium reaches the cortical cells and within a week
after infection, small sac like structures called nodules are
visible on the roots of legume plants which enclose the
bacteriod and are actual site for nitrogen fixation (Garg and
Geetanjali, 2007; Laranjo
et al,
2014). Rhizobia are able to
metabolize atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into available
form of nitrogen that plant can take up. In exchange, rhizobia
take advantage of carbon substrates derived from the plant
photosynthesis.
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