participle, past, 37, 42
participle, present, 37, 42
passive see voice
phoneme, 8
phonology, 8, 13
place-names, 7, 12
prepositions, 70, 74, 93
stranding, 93–4
preterite see tense (past)
pronouns, 19–22
personal, 19–22
relative clauses, 95–8
complementisers, 97
reported speech, 83
resolution, 121
Sanskrit, 2–3
Scandinavian, 13, 21, 36, 102, 107, 112,
130
schwa, 11, 59, 117
sibilants, 9
spelling see orthography
standard language, 7–8, 22, 126
stem, 26
stops, 8
stranding see prepositions
stress template, 119–21
subjects, 69
suffixoid, 108–9
suppletion, 50–1
syncope, 44, 57
syntax, 68
tense, 40, 77
past, 36, 56
present, 41–2
162
INDEX
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umlaut see i-umlaut
variation, 115
verbs, 28, 39–40
anomalous, 49–50
auxiliary, 39, 88–9
‘be’, 35–7
contracted, 62
impersonal, 98–100
modal, 39, 64–5, 77
preterite-present, 64–6
strong, 39, 41, 54–60: aorist presents, 62
weak, 39, 41–6, 47–9
‘weak presents’, 61
Verner’s Law, 62–4, 104
Vikings, 7, 131, 134–6
vocabulary, 102–4
voice, 40, 80–2
vowel gradation see Ablaut
vowels, 11
unstressed, 131–4
weight, syntactic, 90, 92, 96
West Saxon, 6–8, 116, 123–4, 126, 127
word order, 14, 86–7, 128–9, 133–4
noun phrase, 92–3
verb-final, 87, 90–2
verb-second, 87–90, 91–2
word-formation, 103
Wulfstan, 85, 113, 117–18
INDEX
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