And its trade in papua new guinea
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Distribution
- 5.0 Conservation status
- 6.0 Harvesting and Trade 6.1 Forest inventories and logging acquisition
- Country US$/m3 Volume (m3) FOB $
- Total 635 169,299
- Total 493 142,530
- 6.5 Export Discrepancies
- 7.0 Management and Regulation
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Distribution: Philippines to New Guinea and Aru Islands. In New Guinea reported from Popondetta Northern province only. Ecology: Same as Pometia pinnata form pinnata. Notes: Previously known as Pometia acuminata.
This form resembles form pinnata and form tomentosa in many of the characters accept that the bole length is shorter and the fruits are large and edible as that of form glabra.
It is a large tree generally growing to 50 m in height and 1.2 m in diameter (Havel, 1975). The tree is found in the lowlands of PNG, at altitudes ranging from 75 to 800 m above sea level (Damas, 1993) particularly in areas with mean annual rainfall 16 ranging from 1500 to 5000mm and mean annual temperature range of 22-28 o C (Thomson and Thaman, 2006). Generally, Pometia or taun tolerates a wide edaphic range but attains its best development on well drained fertile loams and clay. In PNG, the commercially important form of f. pinnata is found on better drained sites, whereas the poorer forms mainly occur on river flats and low-lying areas (Havel, 1975; Thomson and Thaman, 2006). In lowland forests of Papua New Guinea stockings of commercial sized trees (50 cm dbh and above) are quite high. In rather undisturbed, closed forests, seedlings establish and persist with slow growth. The species regenerates by discontinuous recruitment, favored by small-scale disturbance, but not large gaps. In forest situations the species has a moderately good self-pruning ability, as frequently exhibited by the long, clear bole in mature trees. In open situations young trees tend to develop a coarse, low branching habit and often have poor self-pruning.
in Western Province while the highest were recorded in parts of New Ireland and Madang Provinces (Hammermaster and Saunders, 1995). Inventory data in lowland rain forests of Managalas Plateaux, Oro Province indicate a range of 8 to 13 trees per hectare (Table 1) (Piskaut, 2005) which on average is anticipated in most potential production forests in PNG.
Table 1. Enumeration of Pometia pinnata within the Managalas Plateau, Northern Province (Piskaut, 2004, 2005).
Kuia Kadejama Putei Pongani No. Individuals 6 6
0 No. merchantable. individivuals 3 2 3 0
Total Area (m 2 )
2500 2500
2500 Area (ha) 0.23 0.25
0.25 0.25
Tree density/ha 26.67
24 16 0 Timber density/ha 13.33
8 12 0 17 In terms of population structure, there appeared to be adequate recruitment into the merchantable form. Based on diameter structure, approximately 5 to 20 percent of Pometia trees are potential timbers (Figure 3) in the next cutting cycle of 40 years. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
20-29 30-39
40-49 50-59
60-69 >70
Diameter class (cm) % Fr eq ue nc y
Figure 3. Diameter distribution of Pometia pinnata at Managalas Plateau, Northern Province.
4.0 Growth and Development Early height growth is fast, about 2 m per annum on sites with good soil fertility and moisture levels and intermediate to high light levels. After the first few years, growth rates are typically 1–2 m in height per year. In field trials established at Kerevat, Dami and Madang, the annual stem diameter increment range from 1.8-3.0 cm (Yelu, 2001). Similarly, in the Solomon Islands the annual stem diameter increment was in the range of 1.6–2.5 cm, with growth declining with age. The fastest growing taun trees attained a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 30 cm in 13–16 years but had poor form and short boles to only 4–8 m.
The species copes well with competition from other trees and crops, but growth will slow in more heavily shaded conditions.
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According to the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC) taun is not listed as vulnerable species. However, given heavy exploitation it may be wise to list the species under CITES.
Accessing information on forest resources and up to date forest inventories is difficult in Papua New Guinea. Any datasets generated from sampling plots in logged or unlogged forest areas are not readily shared between institutions. The lack of a central repository for such information made information gathering for this desktop study difficult. Information on commercial timber stands, density and volume is therefore limited and the best available information are extracted from the compilation of inventory data as presented by Hammermaster and Saunders (1995) and those conducted by forest developers themselves as part of the requirement under the Environmental Plan. Data on stand densities and volumes may not truly represent the actual timber stand. For instance, the timber volume datasets as presented by Hammermaster and Saunders (1995) contain extrapolations for areas or forest types where data were not available.
Taun is common and commercially exploitable volumes are reported in all coastal and island provinces. The commercially extractable volume of taun on average is estimated at around 15 million cubic meters or approximately 13% of all potential timber species put together.
These figures are based on selected timber concession areas and do not represent the gross volume and density of taun in all forested areas in Papua New Guinea.
The current accessible and productive forest types are low altitude forest types on uplands. Table 2 below gives average merchantable taun volumes for low altitude forests compare to other lowland forest types. Note, the mean volumes for all timber species appear higher, reflecting assumed estimations for forest areas where data is
19 unavailable. Similarly the taun volumes also appear lower in most provinces. For instance, in a study conducted at the foot of the Schrader Range, East Sepik Province, an average taun volume of 1.6 m 3 was recorded in a 0.1 ha or 16 m 3 /ha.
Overall, the merchantable taun volume varies from less than then 1 m 3 /ha in Western Province to 25 m 3 /ha in Madang. Other lowland forest types such as open woodland, forest on plains and fans, and swamp forests, appear to have more taun timbers than the more productive low altitude forest types.
Table 2. Comparison of merchantable taun volume per hectare (m 3 /ha) in productive low altitude forests on uplands and other low altitude forest types for major timber resource provinces (data extracted from Hammermaster and Saunders,1995, otherwise as indicated).
Province Productive low altitude forests on uplands (vol./ha) Other low altitude forest types (vol./ha) Mean vol./ha for all potential timber species North Solomons 7.86 5.40
38.33 New Ireland 5.57 8.98
30.29 East New Britain 5.95 6.03
32.33 West New Britain 5.68 8.34
33.93 Manus
2.97 - 56.50 Milne Bay 3.28
2.95 17.98*
Central 5.26
4.40 21.65*
Gulf 2.71
2.29 20.24*
Oro 2.88
4.70 81.69*
Western 1.48
0.71 15.33*
West Sepik 4.23
3.34 36.69
East Sepik 3.69
3.96 33.42
Madang 8.13
24.83 56.42
Morobe 9.17
12.33 55.00
All Highlands 3.29
0.35 42.50
* Volume from 2002 annual working (unpublished annual working plan reports, Southern Region).
The acquisition of potential forest areas for forest development follows a very long process from landowner consultation through to the final issuing of the timber permit. The process referred to as the “Thirty Four Steps” (see Appendix I). According to the Forest Act 1991, all commercial harvesting of forest products require a permit issued
20 by the PNGFA. A permit is required regardless of whether the forest products involved are grown on state, freehold or customary land. Different permits are issued by the PNGFA that are applicable to the type of forest project. Important to the final approval and issuing of timber permits, the proponent or intending developer provides a forest working plan (FWP) and an Environmental Plan (EP) that takes into account the timber area’s topography, the resource density and biological environment of the area. These plans serve as the benchmark for sustainable management.
The extraction of taun and other timber species in natural forests follows the coupe logging method or volume based harvesting system. This is the recommended method based on sustained yield management. Depending on the stand volume, coupes of varying sizes (from as low as 1000 ha to 15000 ha) are established. Sizes of coupes are determined by volume of timber on a per hectare basis. The volume of each coupe represents a 5 year cutting cycle and is divided into subunits called set-ups. Each set- up covers approximately 150 hectares of forests and represents a one year cutting cycle.
classified under the MEP group 1 timbers. However, the government has put in place general guidelines controlling the exploitation and export of taun. Base on timber volumes in logging concessions, the Forest Authority determines the maximum allowable exploitation or endorsed volume to be extracted. The endorsed volume differs for each timber species or species group and varies from area to area (SGS Reports 2002-2005) depending on stand densities and volumes.
The log export industry in PNG initially focused on the Islands region because of high stocking densities and easy access. Although the area under concession quadrupled between 1982 and 1991 there was no corresponding increase in reported log export volumes.
The log export of all commercial trees peaked in the mid 1990’s when log export levels reached about 3 million m 3 each year. However, since then there has been a 21 steady decline in export volumes to a low of 1.5 million m 3 in 2001. The years 2002 to 2005 experienced a slight increase in log export levels reaching 2 million m 3 (SGS Log Monitoring Reports: 2003-2004). This trend was very pronounced in taun (Figure 4). This was probably attributed to resource rich concessions being logged out and the companies being forced into less desirable forest areas with lower stockings.
It is difficult to ascertain the quantity of taun logs harvested in concession areas. The only records available are logs in shipments that were declared to the authorities. Since the engagement of SGS in the mid 1990s, there was a sharp reduction in undeclared log shipments and deliberate misidentification of species which has cost millions of kina in lost revenue to the government.
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 1997 1998
1999 2000
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 Year
Pe rc en t V ol um e (m 3) Figure 4. Percentage volume of taun exported from 1997 to 2005 (www.pngfia.org.pg, SGS Log Monitoring Report, 2002-2005).
Taun contributed between 5 to 12% of the total timber volume exported between 1997 and 2005. There was a slight decline in exported taun logs but increased again towards 2005 (Figure 4). From March 2004 and to March 2005, a total of 145,000 m 3 of taun was exported with a value of US$9.7 million. In comparison to all timber species, taun accounted for 12% of the total revenue of US$115 million collected during 2004 (Figure 5).
22 Burkella, 3.4 Calophyllum, 15.8 Dillenia, 4.5 Erima, 6.6 Grey Canarium, 2.3 Hekakoro, 0.0 Kw ila, 2.6 Lophopetallum, 0.8 Malas, 12.9 PNG Mersaw a, 9.5 PNG w alnut, 2.2 Pencil cedar, 6.5 Red Canarium, 5.3 Red Planchonella, 0.3 Taun, 12.2 Teak, 5.4 Terminalia, 8.6 White Planchonella, 1.1
Figure 5. Percentage revenue contribution of major timber species exported in 2004 (Source: SGS Log Monitoring Report 2004). 6.3 Processed Taun Export
Table 3 gives a summary of processed taun timbers exported in 2001, 2002 and 2004 in Papua New Guinea alone. Total export volume varies from year to year as determine by market forces. In 2001 a total of 635 m 3 of processed taun were exported to Australia, New Zealand, United States and Vietnam. In 2004 only two countries imported processed taun; Australia and Japan. 23 Table 3. Export of processed taun from 2001 to August 2004 . Country US$/m3 Volume (m3) FOB $
Australia 244
370 90,280
Japan 230
65 14,950
New Zealand 392
4 1,568
New Zealand 304
151 45,904
United States 613
4 2,452
Vietnam 345
41 14,145
Total 635 169,299
Australia 295
308 90,729
Canada 525
7 3,468
New Zealand 272
178 48,333
Total 493 142,530 2004 Australia 359 18
Japan 69 1,200 82,800 Total 1,218 89,232 Source: www. fiapng.com.
The major trade flow for taun based on SGS Log Export Monitoring statistics are presented in Figure 6. China is by far the main importer of tropical logs followed by Japan, and Korea. Up to 90% of PNG sawn logs were exported to China between 2004 and March 2005. Of this total up to 60% were taun timbers.
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Figure 6. Trade flow in the international market of taun logs from PNG. Of the processed logs, Australia and New Zealand are the two biggest importers of taun (Table 3). The processed taun are mostly exported as rough timbers, beams, flitches and as square logs.
As taun is common throughout the island of New Guinea, and the satellite islands it is anticipated that a stocking of at least 8-13 merchantable stems would occur in a hectare. Current export records for January and March 2005 show that 7 to 11 logging companies were actively exporting taun timbers (SGS Log Export Monitoring Reports, 2005). The biggest exporters include Rimbunan Hijau (PNG) Ltd, Low Impact Logging Ltd, Vanimo Jaya Ltd, Ambogo Sawmill Ltd, Cakara Alam (PNG) Ltd and Kerawara Ltd.
25 However, within the same period these companies also recorded high discrepancies in shipment records (Table 4).
Table 4. Taun export discrepancies in volume exported for January and March 2005. SGS Ref. no. Logging Company Area Permitted Volume (m 3 ) Shipped Vol. (m 3 ) Percentage Discrepancy 8607 Low Impact Logging Ltd BUHEM 200 481.46
140.7 8537 Cakara Alam (PNG) Ltd ARAWE 100 181.86
81.9 8522 WTK Realty VANIMO 500
797.77 59.6
8461 Rimbunan Hijau (PNG) VAILALA
150 199.68
33.1 8536 Cakara Alam (PNG) Ltd ARAWE 300
353.72 17.9
8546 Ambogo Sawmill Ltd KUMUSI
3100 2546.47
-17.9 8538 Cakara Alam (PNG) Ltd ARAWE 370
255.50 -30.9
8760 Cakara Alam (PNG) Ltd ARAWE
40 179.34
348.3 8743 Low impact Logging Ltd BUHEM 100 405.01
305.0 8715 Cakara Alam (PNG) Ltd ARAWE 165
256.21 55.3
8746 Cakara Alam (PNG) Ltd ARAWE
260 344.61
32.5 8720 Tutuman Dev. Ltd CEN. NIP 1333.67
1051.93 -21.1
8727 Rimbunan Hijau (PNG) VAILALA
130 59.99
-53.9 8691 Cakara Alam (PNG) Ltd ARAWE 15
4.71 -68.6
Source: SGS Log Export Monitoring, March and April 2005
These discrepancies raise some questions for instance: the validity of the forest inventory survey – whether it was a case of over or underestimation of timber volumes. elements of illegal logging where companies are encroaching into areas outside the demarcated boundaries. volumes below approved permitted volumes may imply intentional lumping with lower grade logs. An interview with a former forester with a logging company confirms this usual but regular practice.
It is worth noting that, logging companies employ certified forestry officers who conduct inventory survey, prepare, organize and supervise log exports. Often 26 prepared export documents comprising species lists and volumes may be knowingly altered to favour the log exporters. 7.0 Management and Regulation The fourth goal of the Papua New Guinea Constitution which states
“….for Papua New Guinea’s natural resources and environment to be conserved and used for the collective benefit of us all, and to be replenished for the benefit of future generations.”
This is the cornerstone for forest policy formulation that ensures forest resources of the country are used and replenished for the collective benefit of all Papua New Guineans now and for future generations.
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