Article
An Exploration of Multimedia Supports
for Diverse Learners During Core
Math Instruction
Tara L. Kaczorowski
1
, Andrew I. Hashey
2
, and Dane Marco Di Cesare
3
Abstract
In the present study, mobile technology was leveraged as a learning tool for core math instruction during a whole number
multiplication and division unit. The researchers redesigned paper–pencil worksheets from the math curriculum into multimedia-
enhanced, interactive math practice (the eWorkbook) accessed by students on an iPad. With this eWorkbook, which was
conceptualized within a Universal Design for Learning framework, we aimed to reduce barriers and capitalize on strengths by
embedding flexible scaffolds/supports, allowing for student choice, and incorporating evidence-based teaching practices. Results
of this case study suggest students with and without learning disabilities can leverage multimedia to foster unique opportunities for
the understanding and expression of mathematical knowledge. Additional affordances of the eWorkbook include extending the
reach of teacher support while encouraging self-support. Implications for teachers and researchers are discussed.
Keywords
instructional technology, specific learning disabilities, Universal Design for Learning, mathematics, multimedia learning
As schools continue to move toward more inclusive models of
special education, teachers are faced with the incredible chal-
lenge of meeting the instructional needs of every student in their
classroom while adhering to rigorous learning standards. Among
those students with the most intensive instructional needs are
those with learning disabilities (LDs). Students with LD make
up approximately 4.5% of the school-age population (U.S.
Department of Education, National Center for Education Statis-
tics, 2016), and about two thirds of these students spend 80% or
more of their days in a general education setting (Cortiella &
Horowitz, 2014). As a result, educators must ensure they are able
to provide the intensive, targeted instruction needed by these
students within general education classrooms.
LDs typically manifest in specific areas rather than across
all subjects; thus, when a child is classified with LD, the clas-
sification is often specified in areas related to either reading or
math (Compton, Fuchs, Fuchs, Lambert, & Hamlett, 2012).
Students with mathematics LDs (MLDs) tend to demonstrate
poor number sense (Geary, 2011), an overall lack of schema-
based problem-solving strategies (Jitendra & Star, 2011), and
while their struggles are generally related to math skills, many
also have weak reading and comprehension skills, making
word problems particularly difficult (Landerl, Go¨bel, & Moll,
2013). Additionally, given that students with MLD tend to have
poor organizational skills (Cave & Brown, 2010), they may
also need more support with self-instruction, self-questioning,
and self-monitoring while they problem-solve (Montague,
Enders, & Dietz, 2011). Fortunately, current research can direct
us toward solutions that can address these barriers.
Researchers of mathematics instruction for students with
MLD identify some instructional practices evidenced to
improve student learning in mathematics. These practices
include using explicit instruction, allowing for student verba-
lization of mathematical thinking, presenting visual representa-
tions, and providing heuristics to organize ideas (van Garderen,
Poch, Jackson, & Roberts, 2017). Doabler and colleagues
(2012) describe many of the same practices while stressing the
importance of preteaching requisite skills, modeling proficient
problem-solving, scaffolding instruction by slowly fading
prompts/supports, and providing meaningful practice opportu-
nities with timely feedback.
By late elementary school, these instructional practices
should be incorporated to support the acquisition of procedural
knowledge and skills related to multiplication and division.
One way to improve students’ procedural automaticity is to
1
College of Education, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
2
SUNY Old Westbury, New York, NY, USA
3
Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
Corresponding Author:
Tara L. Kaczorowski, College of Education, Illinois State University, Campus
Box 5300, Normal, IL 5300, USA.
Email: tlkaczo@ilstu.edu
Journal of Special Education Technology
2019, Vol. 34(1) 41-54
ª
The Author(s) 2018
Article reuse guidelines:
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DOI: 10.1177/0162643418781298
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target fluency with basic multiplication facts (Fries, 2013;
Lund, McLaughlin, Neyman, & Everson, 2012). Procedural
automaticity can enable conceptual understanding when teach-
ers focus on equipping students with a variety of visual repre-
sentations of multiplicative problems such as arrays, area
models, and multiplication tables (Gierdien, 2009; Huang,
2014). Optimally, effective instruction should also link these
representations to key properties of mathematics that foster
multiplicative thinking such as the distributive property (Kin-
zer & Stanford, 2014). In order to successfully reach the wide
range of learners in their classrooms, including those with
MLD, mathematics teachers may need to leverage available
resources to implement these evidence-based practices.
Instructional Technology Integration
One way to incorporate the aforementioned evidence-based
strategies into daily instruction is to leverage instructional tech-
nology. A recent meta-analysis of 122 peer-reviewed studies
examined the impact of technology integration for elementary
students and found a positive impact on student learning across
subjects and settings (Chauhan, 2017). The incorporation of
technology for learning is also advocated for at the local, state,
and federal levels (U.S. Department of Education, 2016). Orga-
nizations such as Association of Mathematics Teacher Educa-
tors (AMTE), National Mathematics Advisory Panel (NMAP),
and National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM)
frame technology as a tool for learning that must be strategi-
cally implemented in a way that complements instruction
(AMTE, 2015; NCTM, 2015; NMAP, 2008). Teachers may
require preparation to leverage technology in this way.
Technology is increasingly incorporated into today’s math
curricula. For example, Building Blocks (Clements & Sarama,
2012) and Accelerated Math (Renaissance Learning, 2013),
programs that include computer-based practice components,
have been shown to have positive effects on the broad mathe-
matical achievement of students. In general, computer-based
components have been designed to improve declarative math
knowledge (e.g., Chang, Sung, Chen, & Huang, 2008) or to
provide scaffolding to support procedural and conceptual
knowledge (Kim & Hannafin, 2011). As technology has
become more mobile, schools continue to look for ways to
integrate tablets into educational programs. Unlike desktop
computers, tablets are relatively inexpensive, portable, and
open new possibilities for instruction. With a class set of
tablets, teachers can facilitate the synchronization and
coordination of learner–learner, learner–content, and learner–
instructor interactions by providing opportunities for students
to use devices to engage with and respond to content activities
throughout a lesson (Ting, 2013).
Despite the potential of strategic mobile technology integra-
tion to impact academic achievement, much of the mobile tech-
nology research is survey-based, and very little focuses on
objectively measured academic outcomes (Wu et al., 2012).
Moreover, seldom does the research examining mobile technol-
ogy’s impact on student learning focus specifically on students
with disabilities. For example, in Wu and colleagues’ (2012)
meta-analysis of 164 studies on mobile technology for education,
fewer than 1% of the participants were identified with a disability.
In a new meta-analysis of mobile technology use for individuals
with disabilities, Cumming and Draper Rodriguez (2017) found
positive outcomes associated with the use of specific apps (e.g.,
skill practice, visual prompting, and video modeling). In another
meta-analysis, Kagohara and colleagues (2013) found some
objective measures were used to evaluate the impact of mobile
technology in special education, though similar to the findings of
Cumming and Draper Rodriguez, most studies addressed beha-
vior/communication skills rather than academics.
Tablets and computers are universal technologies that can
provide access to the curriculum (e.g., text-to-speech, closed
captioning, and alt text for images) as well as offer unique ways
to present and interact with content. Due to the rich feature sets
of these technologies, the tool inherently becomes intertwined
with content and pedagogy. From a research standpoint, this
can make it difficult to partition the impact of the technology
itself. Edyburn, Rao, and Hariharan (2017) suggest it may be
too shortsighted to focus on specific technology devices and
applications because of how quickly they change. Instead, they
suggest research on technology for diverse populations needs
to first focus on the “active ingredients” in technology inter-
ventions to determine “what works, for whom, and under what
conditions” (p. 369). The present study was designed to do
precisely that—explore how, and under what conditions multi-
media supports, when used to complement expert instruction,
can support the understanding and expression of mathematical
knowledge for students with and without MLD.
Rationale for Study
In response to the needs of students with MLD, the findings from
empirical research, and the technology recommendations of
AMTE (2015), NMAP (2008), and NCTM (2015), the principal
investigator (PI) of the present study developed a mobile
technology-based multimedia math workbook (the eWorkbook)
using free Mac-based software (i.e., iBooks Author) and a free
online widget library (i.e., Bookry—a collection of apps that can
be embedded into an iBook so the user can interact with the
content). The eWorkbook contained multimedia supports
intended for use during the independent practice portion of the
core curriculum lessons for a fourth-grade whole number multi-
plication and division unit (see Table 1). Additionally, the multi-
media practice opportunities in the eWorkbook were carefully
aligned to the objectives of the core math lessons and offered
unique opportunities to engage with math content not otherwise
possible without the incorporation of technology.
We conceptualized the eWorkbook within a Universal
Design for Learning (UDL) lens. Advances in neurological
research suggest that while all people possess the same three
primary networks in the brain (recognition, strategic, and affec-
tive), the manner in which people engage in the learning pro-
cess varies substantially. In education, this means people learn
differently, so individual differences should be considered the
42
Journal of Special Education Technology 34(1)
Table 1. eWorkbook Widgets and Sample Pages.
Widget and Source
Description
Sample Page
Writing (Bookry)
Allows the designer to upload backdrops to a digital writing
canvas (e.g., graph paper and area model boxes) and allows
users to draw on the iPad with a stylus with a customizable
pen size and color. This was the primary widget used by
students for solving multiplication and division problems.
Drag-and-Drop (Bookry) Allows the designer to add a bank of images for users to drag-
and-drop onto a customizable main canvas. This was used
by students to visually model word problems and as an
alternative to writing for some review concepts (e.g., fact
families).
Matching (Bookry)
Allows the designer to add custom images that would be
duplicated on the screen. The user is directed to match all
like images. This widget was used in a nontraditional way
for prerequisite skill review by directing users to click all
multiples of specific factors.
Spot the difference
(Bookry)
Allows the designer to upload two images and set up
“correct” places for users to click that show the differences
between two images. This was used in a nontraditional way
to offer immediate feedback to the users who were
directed to locate errors in a solved math problem.
(continued)
Kaczorowski et al.
43
norm (Rose & Meyer, 2002). Providing multiple and diverse
opportunities for students to engage with core content is vital to
any student’s learning. This idea is fundamental to the UDL
framework in that it promotes a proactive approach to instruc-
tional planning where students’ diverse learning needs are con-
sidered from the start. The tenets of UDL include providing
multiple means of representation, expression, and engagement
through flexible instruction, assessment, and materials (Rose &
Meyer, 2002). While leveraging multimedia is not the only way
to incorporate the tenets of UDL, modern technologies open
new possibilities for doing so.
Through this exploratory study, we aimed to answer the fol-
lowing Research Questions: (a) How, and under what condi-
tions, did the use of multimedia supports in the eWorkbook
enhance the independent understanding and expression of whole
number multiplication and division for elementary students with
and without MLD? (b) How, and under what conditions, did the
use of multimedia supports in the eWorkbook hinder the inde-
pendent understanding and expression of whole number multi-
plication and division for elementary students with and without
MLD? and (c) How do the teacher and students perceive the
usefulness of the eWorkbook to support the independent practice
of whole number operations of multiplication and division?
Method
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