In grammatical context the grammatical (syntactic) structure of the context serves to determine the meanings of a polysemantic word, e.g. 1) She will make a good teacher. 2) She will make some tea. 3) She will make him obey.
33. Lexical syntagmatics. Free word-groups vs phraseological units.
A word-group is a combination of at least two meaningful words joined together according to the rules of a particular language.
Words in word-groups are not “free” because their syntagmatic relationships are governed, restricted and regulated, on the one hand, by requirements of logic and common sense and, on the other, by the rules of grammar and combinability.
Distribution is the range of positions in which a linguistic unit can occur, e.g. the noun issue can appear in various combinations:
Adj. + issue: burning, central, critical, crucial, key, vital; controversial, difficult, thorny; economic, moral, political, social, technical, theoretical;
V. + issue: raise; debate, discuss; decide, settle; address, consider, deal with, examine; clarify; focus on; highlight; avoid, evade.
Semantic combinability of words is based on the meanings of words. It is conditioned by the nature of the denotata of words, i.e. it reflects the connections, relations and associations between objects, properties or events in reality. Semantic links between the combining words serve as a basis for free word-groups.
Semantic agreement is the presence of common semantic features (semes) and the absence of contradictory semantic features in the combining words; it is the basic law of semantic combinability. Consider the example below:
*The yellow idea cut the tree.
*Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.
Word-groups:
Constructed in speech
Substitution is possible
individual meanings of the components (motivated)
each notional word functions as a separate syntactic unit
unpredictable
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