Branches of linguistics. Synchronic vs diachronic approaches to the language study. Lexicology – ‘the science of the word’

Etymological doublets are pairs of words of the same language which share the same etymological basis but have entered the language through different routes; often diverge in currect meaning and usage. They may result from:
-shortening: defence – fence, appeal – peal; history – story;
-stressed and unstressed position of one and the same word: of – off, to – too;
-borrowing the word from the same language twice, but in different periods: jail (Par. Fr.) – goal (Norm. Fr.);
-development of the word in different dialects or languages that are historically descended from the same root: to chase (Northern Fr) – to catch (Central Fr); chart – card; channel (Fr) – canal (L); senior (L) – sir (Fr).
Hybrids are words made up of elements from two or more different languages.
Patterns of hybrids:
native affix (prefix or suffix) + borrowed stem: befool, besiege, beguile; graceful, falsehood, rapidly;
borrowed affix + native stem: drinkable, starvation, wordage; recall, embody, mishandle;
borrowed affix + borrowed stem + native affix: discovering;
native affix + native stem + borrowed affix: unbreakable.
6. Assimilation of borrowings. Types and degrees of assimilation.
The term assimilation of a loan word is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical, and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.
The term type of assimilation refers to the changes an adopted word may undergo:
phonetic assimilation;
graphical assimilation;
grammatical assimilation;
semantic assimilation.
The degree of assimilation depends upon the period of time during which the word has been used in the receiving language, its communicative importance and frequency:
7. Latin borrowings. Features of Latin borrowings. Periods of borrowings from Latin.
Periodisation:
-Early Latin loans, e.g. cup, kettle, dish, plum, butter, wall etc.;
-Later Latin loans (Christianity), e.g. lily, pearl, palm, choir, library, fiddle, peach, marble etc.;
-Latin loans in Middle English (the Norman conquest+the Renaissance), e.g. animal, legal, simile, gesture, spacious, interest etc.;
-The latest Latin influence, e.g. cf., i.e., ib., viz., etc.