G‘apporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi
map — maps hand — hands
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map — maps
hand — hands belt — belts shoe — shoes safe — safes bag — bags 2. -s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh harfl ari bilan tugagan otlarga -es qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi va [ız] deb o‘qiladi: class — classes dish — dishes box — boxes inch — inches 3. -se, -ce, -ze, -ge bilan tugagan otlarga qo‘shilgan -s qo‘shimchasi [ız] deb talaffuz qilinadi: horse — horses place — places prize — prizes judge — judges 4. Otlar oxiridagi -y harfi ga ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi –es qo‘shilganda -y harfi -i ga aylanadi: army — armies company — companies city — cities factory — factories -y bilan tugagan bir bo‘g‘inli so‘zlarga -s qo‘shilganda u o‘zgar - maydi: day — days boy — boys toy — toys key — keys 5. O harfi bilan tugagan so‘zlarga –es qo‘shiladi: cargo — cargoes — yuk tomato — tomatoes — pomidor hero — heroes — qahramon potato — potatoes — kartoshka Lekin quydagi so‘zlarga –s qo‘shiladi: Piano — pianos — pianino photo — photos — fotografi ya 6. -f, -fe bilan tugagan otlarga –es, -s qo‘shiladi va f harfi v ga ayla- nadi: leaf — leaves — yaproq knife — knives — pichoq wolf — wolves — bo‘ri wife — wives — xotin Ammo quyidagilarga -s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda o‘zgarmaydi: chief — chiefs — boshliq roof — roofs — tom safe — safes — seyf handkerchief — handkerchiefs — ro‘molcha wharf — wharfs; wharves — pristan www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 112
garadi: man — men — erkak woman — women — ayol goose — geese — g‘oz foot — feet — oyoq mouse — mice — sichqon ox — oxen — ho‘kiz child — children — bola 8. Grek va lotin tilidan kirib kelgan so‘zlarning ko‘pligi quyidagi cha yasaladi: datum [deitam] berilgan kattalik data [deita] addendum [a’dendam] qo‘shimcha addenda [a`denda] erratum [i’reitam] xato errata [i’reita] memorandum [mema’randam] memorandum memoranda [mema`randa] phenomenon [fi ’nominan] ko‘rinish phenomina [fi nomina] basis [beisis] asos bases [beisi:z] crises [kraisis] inqiroz crises [kraisi:z] 9. penny — pens otining ikkita ko‘pligi bor: pence — pul birligi ma’nosida; pennies — tangalar, chaqalar ma’nosida. 10. sheep — qo‘y, fi sh — baliq otlari birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shakl ga ega: This farm has a great number of sheep. Bu fermaning qo‘ylari ko‘p. I caught two fi sh. Men ikkita baliq tutdim. Ammo baliq turlari haqida gapirganimizda fi shning ko‘pligi fi shes bo‘ladi: In this lake there are fi shes of many varities. Bu ko‘lda turli baliqlar bor. 11. dozen — dyujina (o‘n ikkitalik), score — yigirmatalik so‘zlaridan oldin son kelsa birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi. Two dozen of eggs — 2 dyujina tuxum, three score of years — oltmish yil. Bu otlar oldidan son kelmasa ko‘plikda –s qo‘shimchsini oladi: Pack the books in dozens, please. Kitoblarni dyujinalab o‘rang. Scores of people were present there. U yerda yigirmatalab (ko‘p) odam lar bor edi. 12. works — zavod, zavodlar, means — vosita, vositalar otlari birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi: www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 113
near the village. There are two brick works outside the town. He found a means of helping them. Are there any other means of he l- ping them? Qishloq yaqinida yangi shisha zavodi qurildi. Shahar tashqarisida ikkita g‘isht zavodi bor. U ularga yordam berish vosita- sini topdi. Ularga yordam berishning bosh- qa yo‘llari bormi? QO‘SHMA OTLARNING KO‘PLIGI 1. Ajratib yoziladigan qo‘shma otlarning asosiy ma’no beruvchi so‘zi ko‘plikda keladi: custom-house bojxona custom-houses man-of-war harbiy kema men-of-war hotel-keeper mehmonxona xo‘jayini hotel-keepers mother-in-law qaynona mothers-in-law passer-by o‘tkinchi passers-by 2. Agar qo‘shma so‘zning birinchi so‘zi man yoki woman bo‘lsa, har ikkala so‘z ham ko‘plik shaklida keladi: man-servant — xizmatkor — men-servants woman-doctor — ayol shifokor — women-doctors 3. Qo‘shib yozilgan qo‘shma so‘zlarning ikkinchi so‘zi ko‘plikda bo‘- ladi: schoolboy — maktab bolasi — schoolboys housewife — uy bekasi — housewives postman — pochtachi — postmen FAQAT BIRLIKDA ISHLATILADIGAN OTLAR 1. Donalab sanalmaydigan otlar — moddiy va mavhum otlar faqat birlikda ishlatiladi, ularning ko‘plik shakli yo‘q: sugar — shakar love — sevgi iron — temir friendship — do‘stlik 2. advice — maslahat, information — axborot, progress — muvaffa- qiyat, knowledge — bilim otlari faqat birlikda ishlatiladi: He gave me some good advice. U menga yaxshi maslahat berdi. We have very little information on this subject. Bizda bu masalada juda oz axbo- rot bor. 8 — M. G‘apporov www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 114
Men sizning muvaffaqiyatin- gizdan qanoatlanaman. 3. news oti va oxiri -ics qo‘shimchasi bilan tugagan fan nomlari va kasallik nomlari (measles, mumps) faqat birlikda ishlatiladi: What is the news? Phonetics is a branch of linguis- tics. Mathematics forms the basis of many subjects. Qanday (Nima) yangilik bor? Fonetika tilshunoslikning bir sohasidir. Matematika ko‘p fanlarning asosidir. 4. money — pul, hair — soch otlari faqat birlikda ishlatiladi: Her hair is dark. Uning sochi qora. This money belongs to him. Bu pul unga qarashli. 5. Fruit — meva oti faqat birlikda ishlatiladi: Fruit is cheap in summer. Yozda meva arzon. We eat a great deal of fruit. Biz ko‘p meva yeymiz. Ammo meva turlari haqida gapirganimizda fruit so‘zining ko‘pligi fruits bo‘ladi: On the table there are apples, plums, and other fruits. Stolda olmalar, olxo‘rilar va bosh qa mevalar bor. FAQAT KO‘PLIKDA KELADIGAN OTLAR 1. Ko‘pgina juft otlar (buyumlarning nomlari) faqat ko‘plikda ish- latiladi: scissors — qaychi trousers — shim spectacles — ko‘zoynak scales — tarozi tongs — ombur These scissors are very sharp. Bu qaychi juda o‘tkir. Your trousers are too long. Sizning shimingiz juda uzun. Where are my spectacles? Mening ko‘zoynagim qayerda? Quyidagi jamlama otlar ham faqat ko‘plikda ishlatiladi: goods — mollar, tovarlar contents — mundarija, mazmun proceeds — savdo tushumi clothes — kiyim-kechak slums — xarobalar stairs — zina These goods have arrived from London Bu tovarlar Londondan kelgan. The contents of the letter have not been changed. Xatning mazmuni o‘zgartirilgan emas. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 115
been caught in the rain. Uning kiyimlari ho‘l edi chunki u yomg‘irda qolgan edi. The proceeds of the sale of the goods have been transferred to London. Mollarni sotishdan tushgan tushum Londonga o‘tkazildi. 2. People so‘zi odamlar ma’nosida kelganda faqat ko‘plikda ishlati- ladi: There were many people there. U yerda ko‘p odamlar bor edi. People so‘zi xalq ma’nosida kelganda ham birlikda, ham ko‘plikda ishlatiladi: The Russian people is invincible. Rus xalqi yengilmas. The Pueblo peoples spoke fi ve dif- ferent languages. Pueblo xalqlari beshta turli tillarda gaplashganlar. But all the peoples in America were polytheistic, worshiping a multitude of gods. Lekin barcha Amerika xalqlari ko‘p xudolarga sig‘inuvchi bo‘l ganlar. Otlarda kelishik (Case of Nouns) 1. Ingliz tilida otlarda faqat ikkita kelishik bor: a) Bosh (umumiy) kelishik (the Common Case); b) Qaratqich kelishigi (the Possessive Case). 2. Umumiy kelishikdagi otlarning hech qanday qo‘shimchasi bo‘l- maydi, predlog bilan kelmaganda ularning boshqa so‘zlar bilan muno- sabati gapdagi o‘rniga qarab belgilanadi. Ot kesimdan oldin kelsa, gapning egasi bo‘ladi, predlogsiz ot kesimdan keyin kelsa gapda to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib keladi: The student recognized the teacher Talaba o‘qituvchini tanidi. The teacher recognized the stu- dent. O‘qituvchi talabani tanidi. The teacher showed the students a diagram. O‘qituvchi talabalarga diagram- ma ko‘rsatdi. 3. Qaratqich kelishigi otga ‘s (apostrofl i s qo‘shimchasi ) qo‘shish bilan yasaladi. Bu qo‘shimcha ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi sga o‘xshab [s], [z], [iz] deb talaffuz qilinadi: the girl’s hat Jack’s friend the horse’s leg qizning shlapasi Jekning do‘sti otning oyog‘i www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 116
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