Module 10: Data Collection Methods

Degree of Structure of Observations

• Structured: determine, before the observation, precisely what will be observed before the observation
• Unstructured: select the method depending upon the situation with no pre-conceived ideas or a plan on what to observe
• Semi-structured: a general idea of what to observe but no specific plan

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Google Earth

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• Maps and satellite images for complex or pinpointed regional searches
• Has an Advanced version and an Earth Outreach version
• Web site for Google Earth
• http://earth.google.com/

Ways to Record Information from Observations

• Observation guide
• printed form with space to record
• Recording sheet or checklist
• Yes/no options; tallies, rating scales
• Field notes
• least structured, recorded in narrative, descriptive style

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Guidelines for Planning Observations

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• Have more than one observer, if feasible
• Train observers so they observe the same things
• Pilot test the observation data collection instrument
• For less structured approach, have a few key questions in mind

Advantages and Challenges: Observation

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Advantages	Collects data on actual vs. self- reported behavior or perceptions. It is real-time vs. retrospective
Challenges	Observer bias, potentially unreliable; interpretation and coding challenges; sampling can be a problem; can be labor intensive; low response rates