READING TEST 8
SECTION 1
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The History of Bicycle
The bicycle was not invented by one individual or in one country. It took nearly 100 years and
many individuals for the modern bicycle to be born. By the end of those 100 years, bicycles had
revolutionised the way people travel from place to place.
Bicycles first appeared in Scotland in the early 1800s, and were called velocipedes. These early
bicycles had two wheels, but they had no pedals. The rider sat on a pillow and walked his feet
along the ground to move his velocipede forward.
Soon a French inventor added pedals to the front wheel. Instead of walking their vehicles,
riders used their feet to run the pedals. However, pedalling was hard because velocipedes were
very heavy. The framework was made of solid steel tubes and the wooden wheels were
covered with steel. Even so, velocipedes were popular among rich young men, who raced them
in Paris parks.
Because of the velocipedes were so hard to ride, no one thought about using them for
transportation. People didn’t ride velocipedes to the market or to their jobs. Instead, people
thought velocipedes were just toys.
Around 1870, American manufacturers saw that velocipedes were very popular overseas. They
began
building velocipedes, too, but with one difference. They made the frameworks from
hollow steel tubes. This alteration
made velocipedes much lighter, but riders still had to work
hard to pedal just a short distance. In addition, roads were bumpy so steering was difficult. In
fact, most riders preferred indoor tracks where they could rent a velocipede for a small fee and
take riding lessons.
Subsequent changes by British engineers altered the wheels to make pedalling more efficient.
They saw that when a rider turned the pedals once, the front wheel turned once. If the front
wheel was small, the bicycle travelled just a small distance with each turn.
They reasoned that if
the front wheel were larger, the bicycle would travel a greater distance. So they designed a
bicycle with a giant front wheel. They made the rear wheel small. Its primary purpose was to
help the rider balance. Balancing was hard because the rider had to sit high above the giant
front wheel in order to reach the pedals. This meant he was in danger of falling off the bicycle
and injuring himself if he lost his balance. Despite this inherent danger, “high-wheelers”
became very popular in England.
American manufacturers once again tried to design a better bicycle. Their goal was to make a
safer bicycle. They substituted a small wheel for the giant front wheel and put the driving
mechanism in a larger rear to wheel. It would be impossible for a rider to pedal the rear wheel,
so engineers designed a system of foot levers. By pressing first the right one and then the left,
the rider moved a long metal bar up and down. This bar turned the rear axle.
This axle turned
the rear wheel and the bicycle minimised the dangers inherent in bicycle riding, more and more
people began using bicycles in their daily activities.
The British altered the design one last time. They made the two wheels equal in size and
created a mechanism that uses a chain to turn the rear wheel.
With this final change, the
modern bicycle was born.
Subsequent improvements, such as brakes,
rubber tires, and lights were added to make
bicycles more comfortable to ride. By 1900, bicycle riding had become very
popular with men
and women of all ages. Bicycles revolutionised
the way people worldwide ride bicycles for
transportation, enjoyment, sport, and exercise.