failures in one or more of these areas.
Kernberg’s concept of Borderline Personality
Organisation (which includes all of the DSM-IV
cluster A and B disorders: see Section 1.1) is
characterised by identity diffusion (i.e. confused
ego identity), primitive internal defensive
operations such as idealised object
representations (i.e. seeing specific people as
faultless), denial or splitting (i.e. seeing people
or relationships as all good or all bad), and
varying degrees of superego disorganisation.
Failures of mature development are seen in
distortions in interpersonal relations and the
control of emotional impulses, pathological rage
being central to borderline disorders.
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy for personality
disorders takes a variety of individual and group
forms (Bateman & Fonagy, 2001; Clarkin,
Yeomans & Kernberg, 1999). A common goal is
to change those characteristics of the individual’s
internalised object relations that lead to
repetitive maladaptive behaviours and long-term
emotional and cognitive disturbances. This is
achieved through identifying the dominant
object-relations emerging in the transference,
that is, the reactivation in therapy of internalised
relationships based on early experience (Clarkin
et al
., 1999).
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