can only be diagnosed if psoriasis is present (F) also if fhx of psoriasis ref K&C

Question 16

1. 
   T
   
2. 
   T
   
3. 
   T
   
4. 
   T?
   
5. 
   F
   

Syndenham’s Chorea may be associated with valvular abnormalities (Rheumatic Fever)

Opening snap on auscultation and mid diastolic murmur are associated with mitral stenosis.

Presystolic accentuation of a murmur??. Mitral stenosis associated with an accentuated S₁, followed by S₂, and an opening snap (OS)

S4 is due to atrial contraction and therefore will not be present in a fib.

Question 17

1. 
   T
   
2. 
   T
   
3. 
   ??
   
4. 
   F?
   
5. 
   F
   

Hypertension is a major risk factor for aortic dissection.

Aortic dissection is associated with hypertension (high blood pressure) and many connective tissue disorders. Vasculitis (inflammation of an artery) is rarely associated with aortic dissection. It can also be the result of chest trauma. 72 to 80% of individuals who present with an aortic dissection have a previous history of hypertension.

The highest incidence of aortic dissection is in individuals who are 50 to 70 years old. The incidence is twice as high in males as in females (male-to-female ratio is 2:1). Half of dissections in females before age 40 occur during pregnancy (typically in the 3rd trimester or early postpartum period).

A bicuspid aortic valve (a type of congenital heart disease involving the aortic valve) is found in 7-14% of individuals who have an aortic dissection. These individuals are prone to dissection in the ascending aorta. The risk of dissection in individuals with bicuspid aortic valve is not associated with the degree of stenosis of the valve.Marfan syndrome is noted in 5-9% of individuals who suffer from aortic dissection. In this subset, there is an increased incidence in young individuals. Individuals with Marfan syndrome tend to have aneurysms of the aorta and are more prone to proximal dissections of the aorta.Chest trauma leading to aortic dissection can be divided into two groups based on etiology: blunt chest trauma (commonly seen in car accidents) and iatrogenic. Iatrogenic causes include trauma during cardiac catheterization or due to an intra-aortic balloon pump.Aortic dissection may be a late sequalae of cardiac surgery. 18% of individuals who present with an acute aortic dissection have a history of open heart surgery. Individuals who have undergone aortic valve replacement for aortic insufficiency are at particularly high risk. This is because aortic insufficiency causes increased blood flow in the ascending aorta. This can cause dilatation and weakening of the walls of the ascending aorta.

I found no association with aortic Coarctation but it causes hypertension so perhaps this may be associative???

There is no link with Addisons.