Copyright 1996

particularly in the Baltic Sea where old pulp
brown colour. The pulping stage separates the
mills had discharged untreated effluents for
wood into fibres so they are suitable for paper
100 years, have disturbed the international
making. Pulping can be done by mechanical
community.
grinding, or by chemical treatment in which
woodchips are 'cooked' with chemicals, or by a
3. Until the 1950s, it was common for pulp
combination of both methods.
mills and other industries to discharge
untreated effluent into rivers and seas. The
6. Kraft pulping is the most widely used
environmental effects were at the time either
chemical process for producing pulp with the
not understood, or regarded as an acceptable
strength required by the high-quality paper
cost of economic prosperity in an increasingly
market. It is now usually carried out in a
import-oriented world economy. But greater
continuous process in a large vessel called a
environmental awareness has spurred a
digester. Woodchips are fed from a pile into the
fundamental change in attitude in the
top of the digester. In the digester, the chips are
community, in government and in industry itself.
cooked in a solution called white liquor,

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osed of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) 
involving a furnace and tanks, some of the 
and sodium sulphide. The chips are cooked at 
black liquor is transformed into energy, while 
high temperatures of up to 170° C for up to 
some is regenerated into the original white 
three hours. The pulp is then washed and 
cooking liquor. The recovery system is an 
eparated from the spent cooking liquor which 
integral part of production in the pulp and 
has turned dark and is now appropriately 
paper industry. The pulp that comes out has 
called black liquor. An important feature of 
little lignin left in the fibres. Bleaching removes 
kraft pulping is a chemical recovery system 
the last remain-ing lignin and brightens the 
which recycles about 95% of the cooking 
pulp. Most modern mills have modified their 
chemicals and produces more than enough 
pulping processes to remove as much of the 
lignin as possible before the pulp moves to the 
energy to the mill. In a series of steps 
bleaching stage.
Questions 29-32 
Below is a list of possible factors, A-G, which will influence the amount of paper 
being used in the future. From the list, choose FOUR factors which are mentioned 
in Paragraph 1 of the reading passage. Write your answers A-G, in the spaces 
numbered 29-32 on the answer sheet. 
List of factors 
A more people read newspapers 
B increased use of paper bags 
C
increased book production for education 
D
wider use of sign post advertising 
E 
increased use of fax machines 
F 
wider use of leaflet advertising 
G
greater use of duplicating machines 

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Questions 33-35 
The following THREE statements are summaries of Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 
respectively. However, they are incomplete. Complete each of the statements using 
NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS FROM THE TEXT. Write your answers in 
the spaces numbered 33-35 on the answer sheet. 
33. The international community has begun to demand ... 
34. In the past, the environmental effects of pulp mill practices, were probably a 
price to pay for... 
35. Some paper mills have recently modernised their mill design in order to 
decrease... 
Questions 36-40 
Below is a list of possible steps in the kraft process of turning wood chips into 
paper. They are numbered 1-8. Only FIVE of the steps listed below are mentioned 
in the passage. The steps are not listed in the correct order. Decide which steps are 
mentioned and write them in the correct order. Write the appropriate number for 
each step in the correct order in the spaces numbered 36-40 on the answer sheet. 
1 
the chips are cooked 
2 
the fibres are bound by lignin 
3 
the pulp is bleached 
4 
woodchips are put into a pile 
5 
the pulp is dried 
6 
the pulp is removed from the black liquor 
7 
the chips are put into the white liquor 
8 
the pulp is washed 

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READING TEST 2 
QUESTIONS 1-14