Copyright 1996

Grapegrowing Is it on your list
7
It's 1993
A How do you spell that
7
A Fabulous
1
This is one of the mam books
A U-R-S-I-N-I Alex
in the course and apparently, it's used in
A And address
7
second year as well And it's not really
A 65 Baron Koad Howell
expensive at $30 There's no author
A 69 Baron Road H
though Um It's edited instead By
A No No It's 65
MacLean The condition is quite good
A Oh, sorry 65 Baron Road Howell
too Considering it's a classic book in the

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wine industry, it's pretty good value I m
begin the paper recycling process'
glad I brought my bai kp.ick along 1
TL
Well er, there's a government collection
think it's going to be very useful with all
service that arranges for used office
these books we're finding
paper to be collected from various
L Oh look Here's another one on your list,
locations and then it takes this paper to a
Wine Making It's by someone called
recycling plant to be recycled into paper
Brown 
products like um, wrapping paper and
A Let me see Um Yes it's on my list How
envelopes, er paper bags things like that
much is it
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Ti
Mm Right
L It's the fourth edition and I can't read the
Te And it's called Paper Saver Er, and they
price The ink's smudged $30 1 think No,
sell large cardboard boxes to people and
it's $13
offices for placing used office paper
A The fourth edition and it's immaculate
inside
What a bargain
1
This one normally sells
Ti Oh, I think I've seen some of those 
for $45 in the university book shop
Te Mm They're quite good
L We are doing well'
Ti It sounds like a good idea How much are
A Yes I'm so pleased you're helping me
the boxes'
Lam
Te Oh it's not too bad They only cost $5
L My pleasure What are friends for' Red
each And they're quite strong and
Wines of the World Is that on your list'
they're reasonably large In fact, they can
Abie's the author
hold up to 20 kilograms of office paper
A What price has it got on it'
each
L $25
Ti Mm, that's quite a bit isn't it' So for
A Mm, it's the latest edition, the second
example in Student Records, how many
But doesn't it look dull' Very technical
boxes would you need there'
with only a few illustrations I'm not too
Te Um, in Student Records we've got 8
excited about it Still, it looks m fair
boxes
condition I suppose I should buy it
Ti Mm And how often do the boxes get full
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Te Well, they fill up about every couple of
Section 3
months or so And what we do is, we
Tina I'm speaking this morning to
place 4 boxes in various locations and
Terry Greening, City University's
when they're full, we immediately
Environment and Resources officer Good
exchange them with another 4
morning Terry
replacement boxes
Terry Hi Tina
Ti Oh Right Turn about
Ti I understand that our university has
Te Yeah, so in fact, we don t have
recently begun a program for recycling
overflowing boxes Um, we just fill them
paper Can you tell us something about
up as we go along while we're waiting
it'
for Paper Saver to pick up our full boxes
Te Uh, yeah Tina Well the university has
Ti Oh, I see That sounds good And do you
been recycling office grade paper for
think people tend to use the reverse side
about three months now And in fact, it's
of paper as well'
totally voluntary and we find that most
Te Mm, in theory, we'd like to think so
staff agree that there's a lot of need for it
Ti Yeah
and m fact, many people even do some
Te But, admittedly yes, that's a slight
recycling in their own home
problem We encourage people to do (Ins
Ti Mm, I'm sure
by having 4 separate categories
Te Yes, so we thought it'd be a good idea to
Ti And er, what are those'
introduce it here at the university Um,
Te Er first, there is reuse paper — paper llut
initially we began in the university
is photocopied on one surface only And
Student Records office where we found
secondly, we have recycle paper — paper
there was a lot of office paper waste
that has no unused sides at all, then
Ti I can imagine
there's scrap paper Of course that's 
Te Mm And it was surprising really The
paper that's ripped or in small pieces, or
waste came largely from computer print
for some reason it's just not useful And
out paper and photocopies and even old
lastly, there's coloured paper
examination papers
This includes non-white envelopes and
Ti Oh Right And how did you come to
manilla folders

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n It s sep.ir.ik'. isn t it
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audience out there, this is the most
Tc That one s sL'par.ile )eah And so to
popular lecture we have had all year
1
So
answer )our question, we encourage staff
rather than take up any more of your
to dip into the reuse paper box, the one-
time, I'd like to introduce Dr Wright and
sided paper, and try and use sheets of
the topic 'The Commercialisation of
paper tor things like writing memos, and
Science and Technology ' Dr Wright
so forth What's left over from that, we
Dr Wright Thank you Science and
send to the university library to be used
technology and the role of
by students for note paper or in
commercialisation in that area, it's an
whichever way they wish
interesting question It's an issue which is
Ti That's good There are plenty of ways
going to be increasingly important, world
then for people to use paper on two sides
wide
and reuse paper Do you ever find
Let me just begin by giving you an
anything undesirable in the boxes'
overview of the relationship between
Te Occasionally
science and technology and research
Ti For example
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development and innovation These are
Te Well, there have been things like plastic
terms which people often use as if they
lunch wrap, banana peels and tissues and
mean the same thing Essentially, science
in fact, once I even heard that someone
is that which is done to generate new
found a gold watch
1
basic knowledge, knowledge m areas
Ti Oh, that's not so bad That's good Good
where nobody has previously researched
luck
Generally, that's done in the universities
Te Mm
and the government funded research
Ti Was the owner ever found
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centres, of one sort or another The larger
Te She was actually It didn't take her long
international companies also do some of
to notice her watch was missing
that, their own research I mean
Ti Of course But overall, would you say
Technology is really to do with the
that paper recycling scheme is working
application of science It turns scientific
well'
discoveries into a useful product, or a
To Definitely
1
Yes, 1 really think it's a great
useful service If I may compare science
idea And in fact, It's a good way of
and technology, I could say that science
saving our resources, you know, saving
provides the fundamental knowledge
trees being chopped dow n
that explains a phenomenon, whereas
Ti Yes of course Very important
technology takes that understanding and
Te The less paper, the fewer trees we need
transforms it into a useful thing It's very
And er, there seems to be a trend now
much like a pendulum and a clock The
towards recycling paper
pendulum is the part of a clock whose
Ti Yes, yes I think so
movement, back and forth, makes a clock
Te Yeah, you can buy envelopes, greeting
work The clock is the useful product that
cards and many other paper products
has a function of telling the time
made from recycled paper And, I think
Therefore, science can be compared to
the great thing is that e\ eryone feels
that swinging motion within the clock
they're doing something good when they
and technology is the total object — the
buy products from recycled paper
clock That's the sort of difference you're
n Of course I think so Yes I think most
looking at
people do sh.ire that view Well thank
Research, development and innovation
) cm Terry for your time this morning
are aligned, in that research is closely
That was very interesting, very
related to basic sciences Development is
informative And let s hope that people in
the process of taking the basic scientific
the univ ersity can carry on recycling
idea or item and running it through to
paper
the development of products and
Pe Thank you
services Innovation is really about
putting that product and service into the
Se ion 4
market place So innovation is about the
Vice Chancellor I'd like to welcome Dr
creation of a new set of ideas and
Wright to our series of lectures on
products and a new set of ways of
'Excellence in Science' — and I must say,
delivering them
judging by the numbers of you in the
Now in terms of commercialisation of

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technology, the most important thing
a company has to commercialise but can t
nowadays is the difficulty that countries
do it alone It has to get help Sometimes,
have with funding That is, getting
this help may come from a smaller
enough money with which to develop
company, or, what's happening more
scientific ideas into useful products and
often these days, companies turn to
services It's very expensive For every
universities and ask them for assistance
dollar you spend on basic research, it
with the development of new
costs a company $10 in development and
technologies You find that's a world
another $10 in marketing
wide movement It happens in every
Many companies today just cannot afford
country that has a reasonable number of
that The other thing of course, is for
high tech firms It happens in Europe, the
every profitable research idea, there's an
United States, Asia, Australia, wherever
average of nine ideas that come to
It's important that governments
nothing So, only one out of ten is taken
understand the need to continuously
to the final production stage I'll stop here
research and develop, and governments
for any questions
should be aware of this need for domestic
Terry Oh excuse me Er, I'd like to know
companies to work closely with firms
what happens to all of those so-called
overseas The reality is on an
'unsuccessful' ideas'
international scale, if a company wants to
Dr W Yes it's a continuing problem
be part of an international movement,
Most of them are, of course, lost forever
governments need to encourage and
A few may eventually reach the
facilitate the interaction of the domestic
production stage through the persistent
firm with its overseas counterparts This
efforts of interested individuals but this
doesn't always happen because of the
requires a great deal of time and finance
huge costs involved in doing so
on the part of the inventor, or owner of
However, it's an exciting period, a very.
the idea Most people, however, just don't
very exciting period for science and
have enough resources to invest in a
technology
product that cannot guarantee a
Now, returning to my point about the
profitable return on their investment
need for further research and
No more questions
7
OK Now, returning
development it seems to me that today
to my last point about companies and
research ideas Many ideas look
That is the end of Listening Test 2
wonderful on paper but they are often
impossible to utilise in an inexpensive
LISTENING TEST 3
enough manner, or, having done so, the
Section 1
product doesn't really work, or it's 
unacceptable for various reasons So 
before too long, the technology becomes 
outmoded, it becomes old technology — 
like record players For example, you
Adam Perhaps we can begin now How 
many students do you later for here' 
Julie There's probably about 100-150 
though they don't all use the coffee shop 
every day
don't see companies today investing 
money in, record players do you' Why
A And, er, what hours are you open — 9 00 
to 5 00 '
bother' I imagine that in the not too
J Er, about 9 30 to 4 00
distant future, young people won't even
know what a rfvnrrl tc
At present, there seems to be a movement
A I see Do you work on your own here oil 
the time'
in the commercialisation of research and 
development towards the need for
J Mostly When I'm busy I sometimes ha\e 
a bit of extra help
companies, large and small, to 
subcontract That is, companies pay other 
specialised individuals or organisations
A Mm And um, do you have a constant 
stream of students all day or just at
to do research on their behalf It's 
becoming the practical solution It's only 
the very large companies who still retain 
their own research and development 
units
J No 1 mainly have students coming about 
1030, 11 00 to about 11 10— it c.m get 
really crowded then, more so than for 
lunch — and then again at 12 30 on and
So occasionally, there's a situation where
offish to about 2 00 Then at 3 o'clock 
there're a few and then you get others.

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you know coming and going
diary Here it is It's MY679043
A This is a \ cry smart eating area — do
Pw And what time did the loss occur
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customers sit down and get waited on or
A Well, I caught the 8 40 bus into the city
do they queue up'
and it would have been about 10 minutes
J They queue up and ask for what they
after I got off the bus, and I'd reached the
want Then they can point to their choice
lecture theatre and was going to get a pen
if they don't know the right word
out You see, I had an armful of folders
A Do you find that overseas students have
which wouldn't fit in the briefcase, so I
a sweet tooth like Australians are s'posed
forgot I should 've had it till then So, the
to have
7
Do they buy lots of cake
7
lecture starts at 9 30 and I get off the bus
J Yes they do They buy a fair bit of cake
about ten past nine
A Oh, and um do they make requests for
Pw OK Now can you tell me the number of