103. Cronin JJ, Limbers JP, Kutty S, Stephens MM. Intermetatarsal angle after first
metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis for hallux valgus. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:
104-9.
104. Mann RA, Katcherian DA. Relationship of metatarsophalangeal joint fusion on
the intermetarsal angle. Foot Ankle. 1989;10:8-11.
105. Antrobus JN. The primary deformity in hallux valgus and metatarsus primus
varus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;184:251-5.
106. Klaue K, Hansen ST, Masquelet AC. Clinical, quantitative assessment of first
tarsometatarsal mobility in the sagittal plane and its relation to hallux valgus de-
formity. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15:9-13.
107. Grebing BR, Coughlin MJ. Evaluation of Morton’s theory of second metatarsal
hypertrophy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:1375-86.
108. Harris RI, Beath T. The short first metatarsal: its incidence and clinical sig-
nificance. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1949;31:553-65.
109. Mancuso JE, Abramow SP, Landsman MJ, Waldman M, Carioscia M. The zero-
plus first metatarsal and its relationship to bunion deformity. J Foot Ankle Surg.
2003;42:319-26.
110. Lane WA. The causation, pathology, and physiology of the deformities which
develop during young life. Guy’s Hosp Reports. 1887;44:241-335.
111. Hardy RH, Clapham JC. Observations on hallux valgus; based on a controlled
series. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1951;33:376-91.
112. Heden RI, Sorto LA Jr. The buckle point and the metatarsal protrusion’s rela-
tionship to hallux valgus. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1981;71:200-8.
113. Lundberg BJ, Sulja T. Skeletal parameters in the hallux valgus foot. Acta Or-
thop Scand. 1972;43:576-82.
114. Okuda R, Kinoshita M, Yasuda T, Jotoku T, Kitano N, Shima H. The shape of
the lateral edge of the first metatarsal head as a risk factor for recurrence of hallux
valgus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:2163-72.
115. DuVries HL. Surgery of the foot. St. Louis: Mosby; 1959.
116. Phillips D. Biomechanics in hallux valgus and forefoot surgery. In: Hetherington
VJ, editor. Hallux valgus and forefoot surgery. New York: Churchill and Livingstone;
2000. p 44.
117. Duke H, Newman LM, Bruskoff BL, Daniels R. Relative metatarsal length
patterns in hallux abducto valgus. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1982;72:1-5.
118. Myerson MS, editor. Hallux valgus. In: Foot and ankle disorders. Philadelphia:
Saunders; 2000.
119. Schweitzer ME, Maheshwari S, Shabshin N. Hallux valgus and hallux rigidus:
MRI findings. Clin Imaging. 1999;23:397-402.
120. Robinson AH, Cullen NP, Chhaya NC, Sri-Ram K, Lynch A. Variation of the distal
metatarsal articular angle with axial rotation and inclination of the first metatarsal.
Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:1036-40.
121. Bock P, Kristen KH, Kr¨
oner A, Engel A. Hallux valgus and cartilage degenera-
tion in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:669-73.
122. ElSaid AG, Tisdel C, Donley B, Sferra J, Neth D, Davis B. First metatarsal bone:
an anatomic study. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:1041-8.
123. Berntsen A. De l’hallux valgus: contribution a son etiologie et a son traitement.
Rev Orthop. 1930;3:101-11.
124. Ferrari J, Malone-Lee J. Relationship between proximal articular set angle and
hallux abducto valgus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2002;92:331-5.
125. Simon WV. Der hallux valgus und seine chirurgische behandlung, mit beson-
derer berucksichtigung der Ludloffschen operation. Brus Beitr Lin Chir. 1918;
111:467.
126. Le Minor JM, Winter M. The intermetatarsal articular facet of the first meta-
tarsal bone in humans: a derived trait unique within primates. Ann Anat. 2003;185:
359-65.
127. Hyer CF, Philbin TM, Berlet GC, Lee TH. The incidence of the intermetatarsal
facet of the first metatarsal and its relationship to metatarsus primus varus: a
cadaveric study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2005;44:200-2.
128. Mason LW, Hariharan K, Tanaka H. The tarsometatarsal joint and its associ-
ation with hallux valgus. Read at the Annual Meeting of the British Foot and Ankle
Society; 2010 Nov 3-5; Nottingham, UK.
129. Truslow W. Metatarsus primus varus or hallux valgus? J Bone Joint Surg Am.
1925;7:98-108.
130. Thordarson DB, Krewer P. Medial eminence thickness with and without hallux
valgus. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23:48-50.
131. Jordan HH, Bordsky AE. Keller operation for hallux valgus and hallux rigidus. An
end result study. AMA Arch Surg. 1951;62:586-96.
132. Modes E. Zum Vorkommen echter Synovialgruben (Fossae nudatae) bei
Mensch, Wiederk¨
auern und Pferd. Virchows Archiv. 1939;303:603-10.
133. Uchiyama E, Kitaoka HB, Luo ZP, Grande JP, Kura H, An KN. Pathomechanics
of hallux valgus: biomechanical and immunohistochemical study. Foot Ankle Int.
2005;26:732-8.
134. Scott G, Wilson DW, Bentley G. Roentgenographic assessment in hallux val-
gus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991;267:143-7.
135. Kura H, Luo ZP, Kitaoka HB, An KN. Role of medical capsule and transverse
metatarsal ligament in hallux valgus deformity. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;354:
235-40.
136. Arinci Incel N, Genc
x H, Erdem HR, Yorgancioglu ZR. Muscle imbalance in hallux
valgus: an electromyographic study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;82:345-9.
137. Hoffmeyer P, Cox JN, Blanc Y, Meyer JM, Taillard W. Muscle in hallux valgus.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;232:112-8.
138. Grode SE, McCarthy DJ. The anatomical implications of hallux abducto valgus:
a cryomicrotomy study. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1980;70:539-51.
139. Brenner E. Insertion of the abductor hallucis muscle in feet with and without
hallux valgus. Anat Rec.1999;254:429-34.
140. Wong YS. Influence of the abductor hallucis muscle on the medial arch of the
foot: a kinematic and anatomical cadaver study. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:617-20.
141. Radovic PA, Shah E. Nonsurgical treatment for hallux abducto valgus with
botulinum toxin A. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2008;98:61-5.
142. Sanders AP, Snijders CJ, van Linge B. Medial deviation of the first metatarsal
head as a result of flexion forces in hallux valgus. Foot Ankle. 1992;13:515-22.
143. Sanders AP, Weijers RE, Snijders CJ, Schon LC. Three-dimensional recon-
struction of magnetic resonance images of a displaced flexor hallucis longus tendon
in hallux valgus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2005;95:401-4.
144. Lamur KS, Huson A, Snijders CJ, Stoeckart R. Geometric data of hallux valgus
feet. Foot Ankle Int. 1996;17:548-54.
145. Saltzman CL, Aper RL, Brown TD. Anatomic determinants of first metatarso-
phalangeal flexion moments in hallux valgus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;339:
261-9.
146. Alvarez R, Haddad RJ, Gould N, Trevino S. The simple bunion: anatomy at the
metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe. Foot Ankle. 1984;4:229-40.
147. Suzuki J, Tanaka Y, Takaoka T, Kadono K, Takakura Y. Axial radiographic
evaluation in hallux valgus: evaluation of the transverse arch in the forefoot. J Orthop
Sci. 2004;9:446-51.
148. Bordelon RL. Evaluation and operative procedures for hallux valgus deformity.
Orthopedics. 1987;10:38-44.
149. Weil LS, Hill M. Bipartite tibial sesamoid and hallux abducto valgus deformity:
a previously unreported correlation. J Foot Surg. 1992;31:104-11.
150. Munuera PV, Domı´nguez G, Reina M, Trujillo P. Bipartite hallucal sesamoid
bones: relationship with hallux valgus and metatarsal index. Skeletal Radiol.
2007;36:1043-50.
151. Hicks JH. The mechanics of the foot. I. The joints. J Anat. 1953;87:345-57.
152. Klaue K. [Hallux valgus—an atavism?]. Ther Umsch. 2004;61:407-12.
German.
153. Coughlin MJ, Jones CP. Hallux valgus and first ray mobility. A prospective
study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1887-98.
154. Coughlin MJ, Jones CP, Viladot R, Glan´
o P, Grebing BR, Kennedy MJ, Shurnas
PS, Alvarez F. Hallux valgus and first ray mobility: a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle Int.
2004;25:537-44.
155. Dreeben S, Mann RA. Advanced hallux valgus deformity: long-term results
utilizing the distal soft tissue procedure and proximal metatarsal osteotomy. Foot
Ankle Int. 1996;17:142-4.
156. Rush SM, Christensen JC, Johnson CH. Biomechanics of the first ray: Part II:
metatarsus primus varus as a cause of hypermobility. A three-dimensional kinematic
analysis in a cadaver model. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2000;39:68-77.
157. Sarrafian SK. Functional characteristics of the foot and plantar aponeurosis
under tibiotalar loading. Foot Ankle. 1987;8:4-18.
158. Glasoe WM, Allen MK, Ludewig PM. Comparison of first ray dorsal mobility
among different forefoot alignments. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30:612-20.
159. Cornwall MW, McPoil TG, Fishco WD, O’Donnell D, Hunt L, Lane C. The influ-
ence of first ray mobility on forefoot plantar pressure and hindfoot kinematics during
walking. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:539-47.
160. Faber FW, Kleinrensink GJ, Verhoog MW, Vijn AH, Snijders CJ, Mulder PG,
Verhaar JA. Mobility of the first tarsometatarsal joint in relation to hallux valgus
deformity: anatomical and biomechanical aspects. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20:651-6.
161. Johnson KA, Kile TA. Hallux valgus due to cuneiform-metatarsal instability.
J South Orthop Assoc. 1994;3:273-82.
162. Greenberg GS. Relationship of hallux abductus angle and first metatarsal
angle to severity of pronation. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1979;69:29-34.
163. Goldner JL, Gaines RW. Adult and juvenile hallux valgus: analysis and treat-
ment. Orthop Clin North Am. 1976;7:863-87.
164. Phillips RD, Phillips RL. Quantitative analysis of the locking position of the
midtarsal joint. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1983;73:518-22.
165. Donatelli RA. Normal biomechanics of the foot and ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys
Ther. 1985;7:91-5.
166. Tiberio D. Pathomechanics of structural foot deformities. Phys Ther. 1988;
68:1840-9.
167. Mann R, Inman VT. Phasic activity of intrinsic muscles of the foot. J Bone Joint
Surg Am. 1964;46:469-81.
1660
T
H E
J
O U R N A L O F
B
O N E
& J
O I N T
S
U R G E R Y
d
J B J S
.
O R G
V
O L U M E
9 3 - A
d
N
U M B E R
1 7
d
S
E P T E M B E R
7 , 2 0 1 1
T
H E
P
AT H O G E N E S I S O F
H
A L L U X
V
A L G U S
168. Shimazaki K, Takebe K. Investigations on the origin of the hallux valgus by
electromyographic analysis. Kobe J Med Sci. 1981;27:139-58.
169. Iida M, Basmajian JV. Electromyography of hallux valgus. Clin Orthop Relat
Res. 1974;101:220-4.
170. Pouliart N, Haentjens P, Opdecam P. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of
Wilson osteotomy for hallux valgus. Foot Ankle Int. 1996;17:388-94.
171. Saragas NP, Becker PJ. Comparative radiographic analysis of parameters in
feet with and without hallux valgus. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16:139-43.
172. Kilmartin TE, Wallace WA. The significance of pes planus in juvenile hallux
valgus. Foot Ankle. 1992;13:53-6.
173. Harris RI, Beath T. Hypermobile flat-foot with short tendo achillis. J Bone Joint
Surg Am. 1948;30:116-40.
174. Myerson MS, Badekas A. Hypermobility of the first ray. Foot Ankle Clin. 2000;
5:469-84.
175. Trott AW. Hallux valgus in the adolescent. Instr Course Lect. 1972;21:262-8.
176. Eustace S, O’Byrne J, Stack J, Stephens MM. Radiographic features that
enable assessment of first metatarsal rotation: the role of pronation in hallux valgus.
Skeletal Radiol. 1993;22:153-6.
177. Scranton PE Jr, Rutkowski R. Anatomic variations in the first ray: Part I. Ana-
tomic aspects related to bunion surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;151:244-55.
178. Laird PO. Functional hallux limitus. Illinois Podiatrists. 1972;9:4.
179. Roukis TS, Scherer PR, Anderson CF. Position of the first ray and motion of the
first metatarsophalangeal joint. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1996;86:538-46.
180. Scherer PR, Sanders J, Eldredge DE, Duffy SJ, Lee RY. Effect of functional foot
orthoses on first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion in stance and gait. J Am
Podiatr Med Assoc. 2006;96:474-81.
181. Kappel-Bargas A, Woolf RD, Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. The windlass mecha-
nism during normal walking and metatarsophalangeal extension. Clin Biomech
(Bristol, Avon). 1998;13:190-4.
182. Van Gheluwe B, Dananberg HJ, Hagman F, Vanstaen K. Effects of hallux lim-
itus on plantar foot pressure and foot kinematics during walking. J Am Podiatr Med
Assoc. 2006;96:428-36.
183. Fuller EA. The windlass mechanism of the foot. A mechanical model to explain
pathology. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2000;90:35-46.
184. Tanaka Y, Takakura Y, Kumai T, Samoto N, Tamai S. Radiographic analysis of
hallux valgus. A two-dimensional coordinate system. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;
77:205-13.
185. Hansen ST Jr. Hallux valgus surgery. Morton and Lapidus were right! Clin
Podiatr Med Surg. 1996;13:347-54.
186. Ward ED, Phillips RD, Patterson PE, Werkhoven GJ. 1998 William J. Stickel
Gold Award. The effects of extrinsic muscle forces on the forefoot-to-rearfoot loading
relationship in vitro. Tibia and achilles tendon. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1998;88:
471-82.
187. Armstrong DG, Stacpoole-Shea S, Nguyen H, Harkless LB. Lengthening of the
achilles tendon in diabetic patients who are at risk for ulceration of the foot. J Bone
Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:535-8.
188. Di Giovanni CW, Kuo R, Tejwani N, Price R, Hansen ST Jr, Cziernecki J,
Sangeorzan BJ. Isolated gastrocnemius tightness. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;
84:962-70.
189. Veri JP, Pirani SP, Claridge R. Crescentic proximal metatarsal osteotomy for
moderate to severe hallux valgus: a mean 12.2 year follow-up study. Foot Ankle Int.
2001;22:817-22.
190. Munuera PV, Polo J, Rebollo J. Length of the first metatarsal and hallux in
hallux valgus in the initial stage. Int Orthop. 2008;32:489-95.
191. Girdlestone GR, Spooner HJ. A new operation for hallux valgus and hallux
rigidus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1937;19:30-5.
1661
T
H E
J
O U R N A L O F
B
O N E
& J
O I N T
S
U R G E R Y
d
J B J S
.
O R G
V
O L U M E
9 3 - A
d
N
U M B E R
1 7
d
S
E P T E M B E R
7 , 2 0 1 1
T
H E
P
AT H O G E N E S I S O F
H
A L L U X
V
A L G U S