Day reading Passage (Australian culture and culture shock)

8 
Settle into (v) (B2) 
- to become familiar with a place and to feel happy and confident 
in it
Example: She quickly settled down in her new house/job/school.

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Day 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on 
Questions 1-13, 
which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
Australian culture and culture shock
by Anna Jones and Xuan Quach
Sometimes work, study or a sense o f adventure take us out of our familiar surroundings to
go and live in a different culture. The experience can be difficult, even shocking.
Almost everyone who studies, lives or works abroad has problems adjusting to a new 
culture. This response is commonly referred to as ‘culture shock. Culture shock can be 
defined as “the physical and emotional discomfort a person experiences when entering a 
culture different from their own’ (Weaver, 1993).
For people moving to Australia, Price (2001) has identified certain values which may 
give rise to culture shock. Firstly, he argues that Australians place a high value on 
independence and personal choice. This means that a teacher or course tutor will not tell 
students what to do, but will give them a number of options and suggest they work out 
which one is the best in their circumstances. It also means that they are expected to take 
action if something goes wrong and seek out resources and support for themselves.
Australians are also prepared to accept a range of opinions rather than believing there is 
one truth. This means that in an educational setting, students will be expected to form their 
own opinions and defend the reasons for that point of view and the evidence for it.
Price also comments that Australians are uncomfortable with differences in status and 
hence idealise the idea of treating everyone equally. An illustration of this is that most adult 
Australians call each other by their first names. This concern with equality means that 
Australians are uncomfortable taking anything too seriously and are even ready to joke 
about themselves.
Australians believe that life should have a balance between work and leisure time. As a 
consequence, some students may be critical of others who they perceive as doing nothing 
but study.
Australian notions of privacy mean that areas such as financial matters, appearance and 
relationships are only discussed with close friends. While people may volunteer such 
information, they may resent someone actually asking them unless the friendship is firmly 
established. Even then, it is considered very impolite to ask someone what they earn.
With older people, it is also rude to ask how old they are, why they are not married or why 
they do not have children. It is also impolite to ask people how much they have paid for 
something, unless there is a very good reason for asking.

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Reading Passage 1
Kohls (1996) describes culture shock as a process of change marked by four basic 
stages. During the first stage, the new arrival is excited to be in a new place, so this is 
often referred to as the “honeymoon” stage. Like a tourist, they are intrigued by all the new 
sights and sounds, new smells and tastes of their surroundings. They may have some 
problems, but usually they accept them as just part of the novelty. At this point, it is the 
similarities that stand out, and it seems to the newcomer that people everywhere and their 
way of life are very much alike. This period of euphoria may last from a couple of weeks to 
a month, but the letdown is inevitable.
During the second stage, known as the “rejection’ stage, the newcomer starts to 
experience difficulties due to the differences between the new culture and the way they 
were accustomed to living. The initial enthusiasm turns into irritation, frustration, anger and 
depression, and these feelings may have the effect of people rejecting the new culture so 
that they notice only the things that cause them trouble, which they then complain about.
In addition, they may feel homesick, bored, withdrawn and irritable during this period as 
well.
Fortunately, most people gradually learn to adapt to the new culture and move on to 
the third stage, known as ‘adjustment and reorientation’. During this stage a transition 
occurs to a new optimistic attitude. As the newcomer begins to understand more of the 
new culture, they are able to interpret some of the subtle cultural clues which passed by 
unnoticed earlier. Now things make more sense and the culture seems more familiar. As 
a result, they begin to develop problem-solving skills, and feelings of disorientation and 
anxiety no longer affect them.
In Kohls’s model in the fourth stage, newcomers undergo a process of adaptation.
They have settled into the new culture, and this results in a feeling of direction and self- 
confidence. They have accepted the new food, drinks, habits and customs and may 
even find themselves enjoying some of the very customs that bothered them so much 
previously. In addition, they realise that the new culture has good and bad things to offer 
and that no way is really better than another, just different.

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