Dictionaries and their types

MODERN PERIOD
The modern period in the development of English lexicography can be called "scientific or historical", as it is based on the following concepts:
1) compilation of dictionaries based on the historical principle;
2) replacing the prescriptive or normative principle of compiling dictionaries with a relatively systematic descriptive approach;
3) description of vocabulary as a system.
2. TYPES OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES AND PARAMETERS OF THEIR CLASSIFICATIONS

The first dictionary compiled on a scientific basis was Roger's thesaurus, but the pearl of English lexicography that most fully embodied these concepts is The Oxford English Dictionary , the largest lexicographic project of the 19th and 20th centuries. Work on it began, under the auspices of the Royal Philological Society, in 1857, the first volume appeared in 1888, and the last in 1933. The editor of the dictionary is Sir James Murray . Roger's thesaurus belongs to a special group of dictionaries - ideological - graphic. In dictionaries - thesauri, vocabulary is organized according to the thematic principle. Roger began his work by dividing the conceptual field of the English language into four large classes: abstract relations, space, matter and spirit (mind, will, feelings). These classes are further divided into a number of genera, which, in turn, break up into a certain number of species. Each species includes numbered groups. These groups (there are 1,000 of them in total) are denoted by words with a sufficiently broad semantics, which makes it possible to unite under them a whole series of words similar in meaning.

However, soon after the dictionary was published, it became clear that it was very difficult to use. The practice required a reasonable synthesis of the ideographic and alphabetical arrangement of words. Therefore, Roger attached an alphabetical index to the dictionary, providing each word with information about its place in the ideographic classification. Roger's thesaurus should be recognized as an outstanding phenomenon in world lexicography. Its main advantage lies in the fact that it was the first scientifically substantiated attempt to create some layout of a logically ordered vocabulary of the language.
In 1837 Charles Richardson 's A New Dictionary was published in England. of the English Language, which embodied a new, "historical" approach to compiling dictionaries. According to Richardson, the main task of lexicography is to trace back the development of a word and find its original meaning. Thus, Richardson's dictionary is to some extent a prototype of etymological dictionaries.
The prerequisite for the creation of a fundamentally new dictionary of the English language was the establishment in 1842 of the Philological Society, whose members thought about the problem of organizing work to create a complete dictionary of the English language. In 1857, an initiative group of members of this society (R. Trench , G. Coleridge , F. Farnival ) prepared a report made at a meeting of the Philological Society by Richard Trench . A year later, the society passed a resolution to create "A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles" (A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles ).
In 1876, James Murray began to collaborate on this dictionary . Under his leadership, in 1878, editing of the collected materials began. In 1884, the first part was printed, and only in 1928, already under the direction of Onions and Craig ( Onions and Craige ) the entire edition has been completed. A total of 12 volumes were released , and the dictionary was called A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles , but later became known as the Oxford English Dictionary .
The dictionary aims to give all the words of the English language from 1150 until recently, to describe the changes in the meanings and forms of these words, to the extent possible, to give a detailed etymology, to indicate the correct pronunciation of words and to illustrate all this with examples in the form of quotations from texts of a different nature. The main goal of the editors of the Oxford Dictionary was to trace the history of each word included in the dictionary from its appearance in the language to the present day. This goal is achieved in the dictionary with the help of citations-illustrations with the exact date of the source of the quotation.
For each century of the development of this word, a quotation is given. The Oxford English Dictionary documents when and in what meaning a given lexical unit became part of the English language, in what text it was first registered. If the word has fallen into disuse, it is noted when this happened or how the system of its meanings has changed over the centuries. The dictionary not only reflects the literary norms of the English language at different stages of its development, but also tries to reflect the entire vocabulary of the language. Therefore, here you can find dialectisms, and jargon, and vulgarisms, and neologisms, etc. The order of information about the words given in this dictionary is simple and logical.