Grammar
THE PRESENT PERFECT
We use the present perfect to talk about events that happened at an unspecified point in time, or to connect the
past with the present.
Form
Example
have/has + past participle
We can develop the fear after we have seen something that makes us
scared.
We have developed a response to situations that might cause us harm.
We use since to talk about when something started and for to talk about how long something has lasted.
Form
Example
present perfect + since + point in
time
present perfect + for + length of time
I’ve been scared of dogs since a dog bit me when I was five years old.
I’ve had this phobia for 13 years.
In academic writing, the present perfect is also often used to report research findings.
Studies have shown that this can increase to as much as 85% in more dangerous situations.
1
Complete these sentences with the present perfect form of the verb in
parentheses.
1
I
(be) afraid of flying since I was a child.
2
I
(hear) that flying is the most common fear.
3
I
(not feel) so scared since I was little.
4
I
(give) so many talks I’m no longer scared of public
speaking.
5
(you/have) the feeling of time moving slowly when
you are scared?
6
(you/see) a doctor about your fears?
2
Write sentences using for and since to describe these people’s fears.
1
not fly / a child
I haven’t flown since I was a child.
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