The effects of antiquities looting on armed conflict.
0.05, DV: D (Armed Conflict). Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of times the
The Effects of Armed Conflict on Antiquities Looting.
At the quarter level, these results indicate that changes in armed conflict in the previous quarter
have, at most, a small effect on changes in antiquities looting. While almost all of the armed conflict
variables are statistically significant, they are also all only marginally larger than zero, indicating at
most a weak relationship between armed conflict and antiquities looting. This suggests weak support
for opportunistic looting; however, this may be due in part to the lack of variation in the antiquities
looting variable. As such, these results should not be taken as evidence that opportunistic looting does
not happen, only that the current study finds no evidence of it in these data. Opportunistic looting in
conflict may be motivated by a variety of reasons and so is a complicated phenomenon to understand
empirically. In this case, it may be that opportunistic looting is less likely to be reported by news
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agencies except in rare high-profile cases like the Egyptian museum or Iraq museum. If that is
the case, then the current findings could indicate that opportunistic looting is not newsworthy.
Indeed,
Teijgeler
(
2013
) identified six different groups of potential looters in Egypt during the
time period in question: “the digging poor,” locals looking for golden artefacts, local criminals,
law enforcement agents, heritage employees, and angry mobs. With the exception of local criminals,
each of these groups is reported as seeing unguarded archaeological sites as an opportunity to make
money quickly (
Teijgeler 2013
).
8
As such, other data sources need to be used or supplemented to
detect a relationship between armed conflict and opportunistic looting.
3.5. The Effect of Regime Changes on Antiquities Looting and Armed Conflict
The above results also identify several noteworthy findings about the effect of regime changes
on armed conflict and antiquities looting, respectively. Regime changes appear to have a significant
effect on both armed conflict and antiquities looting. The effect on armed conflict is present across
both month and quarterly analyses. A change in regime in the month prior is associated with an
increase of 93 armed conflict incidents and a change in regime in the current quarter is associated with
an increase of approximately 129 armed conflict incidents (see Table
6
). It is interesting to note that
this relationship inverts as more time passes between when the regime change occurred and when
changes in armed conflict would be occurring. It appears that every quarter (every three months) that
passes following a regime change is associated with approximately 82 fewer armed conflict incidents
(see Table
6
). Although the effect of regime changes on antiquities looting is only detectable in the
quarter analysis, it follows a similar pattern to that of armed conflict. A change in regime in the current
quarter is associated with an increase of approximately eight antiquities looting incidents and every
quarter (every three months) that passes following a regime change is associated with between 18
and 19 fewer antiquities looting incidents (see Table
7
). These findings make sense as restoring social
order and suppressing future conflict and crime would be an important priority in a new government
or regime.
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