This study uses a newly collected quantitative data set of reports of antiquities looting incidents
at archaeological sites, reports of all armed conflict incidents, and incidents of regime changes in Egypt
from 1997 to 2014. These data were compiled from open sources of data, which broadly include any
publicly available information that can be coded and quantified into a database. While some scholars
have used open source satellite imagery from Google Earth Pro to identify looting pits over time
Parcak et al.
reports that from in 2011 and 2012, there were 58,207 and 45,706 looting pits identified on satellite imagery, respectively.
These differences in numbers reflect the source and methodology used for data collection and provide a comparison for the
extent of the undercounting of looting activity reflected in the media reports in this study.
Arts
2018, 7, 22
8 of 26
looting incidents. Satellite imagery has the potential to provide detailed views of a given site over
time; however, it also requires knowing where to look beforehand and images may not be available at
regular intervals. News stories, by contrast, do not require such prior knowledge, are published at a
minimum in daily intervals, and are known to be reliable sources of event data for certain types of
crime (e.g., terrorism—see
Dugan and Chenoweth 2013
;
Schrodt and Gerner 1994
). As such, reports of
looting from news sources have the potential to provide a different perspective of looting than satellite
imagery that focuses specifically on the timing of events. A brief description of the data is included
here (see Appendix
A
for a more detailed description of the antiquities looting data collection and
coding strategy), followed by a description of the methods used.
2.1. Time Series Data on Antiquities Looting, Armed Conflict, and Regime Changes in Egypt
Reports on incidents of antiquities looting were coded from news stories archived in Reuters and
Lexis Nexis. Over 180,000 news stories with the key term “Egypt” were initially downloaded from
Reuters and Lexis Nexis combined from 1997 to 2014. News stories were then searched for a series
of key terms relating to antiquities looting (see Table
A1
in Appendix
A
). All lead sentences (the first
sentence description of the article) were coded by hand to remove stories not relating to antiquities
looting in Egypt or that were published prior to 1997, resulting in 732 news stories for further review.
These 732 stories were coded based on the entire news story at a minimum for location, type of
location (archaeological site, museum, other, no information provided), and incident type (destruction,
looting, theft). For an incident to be considered looting, the object(s) had to have been removed from
the ground or structural complex of an archaeological site. Since the act of looting often destroys some,
if not all, of a site, an incident was only coded as destruction if the main purpose was indicated as
destruction and no objects were taken. Similarly, the terms “looting” and “theft” are often synonymous
in the media. In this research, an incident could only be coded as theft if the object(s) had been recorded
and removed from the archaeological site. For example, an object taken from an archaeological site
storage facility is theft because the objects have already been discovered and recorded. There were
also several cases that could not be classified as destruction, theft, or looting, and so were coded as
“other”. For example, because a storage facility is not within the archaeological complex, it is not
considered part of the archaeological site. The exceptions to this are objects physically attached to
a structure within the archaeological site. For example, if a part of a statue is removed or part of a
mural cut from a wall or tomb, this action would be considered looting even if the object(s) had been
identified previously by archaeologists. Below are examples of incidents coded as “looted”, “theft”,
and “destruction”. Ultimately, only incidents of antiquities looting that were recorded as occurring
between 1997 and 2014 were kept for this analysis, resulting in 91 cases of antiquities looting.
•
Dostları ilə paylaş: