The formula by K. Marx A critical analysis of the notions of the
human loneliness indeterminacy allows us to
assert that loneliness is, first of all, a socially
and culturally determined phenomenon with its
foundations found in the formation of society
as a socio-cultural organism, reproducing, de-
veloping and functioning at the level of actively
interconnected individuals. Karl Marx wrote,
“the social history of people is always only the
history of their individual development, wheth-
er they are aware of it or not” (Marx, 1962: 402-
403). Any individual creative and transforming
activity is a social activity, which is impossible
without the involvement of an individual in re-
lationships with other individuals. Therefore,
in this way “man produces man – himself and
the other man; ... just as society itself produces
man as man, so it is produced by him” (Marx,
1956: 589). It is the analysis of sociality (com-
munity with Others) and its forms that, in our
opinion, contains the key to understanding the
existential being of a person and the phenome-
na associated with it (including loneliness).
In our theoretical analysis, we first turn to
the concept of Karl Marx, the key and consti-
tutive basis of which is a well-known formula:
the unity of man’s relationship with nature is determined by the unity of relations between individuals. The features of this formula have
already been considered more than once (for
example, by V.A. Gert, E.S. Il’enkov, M.S. Ka-
gan, B.F. Porshnev and others). Given these
circumstances, it makes sense to emphasise the
following: all the variables of this formula are
interdependent and mutually reinforcing, but
the determining (that is, the independent vari-
able) in this scheme is still the relationship of
man with man. There is no doubt that changes
to the independent variable result in changes to
the dependent variable. Thus, the relationship
between human and nature is determined pre-
cisely by the relationship between individuals,
and not vice versa. Moreover, we believe that
one of the consequences of changes in rela-
tionships between individuals is loneliness. It
turns out that the key to successful avoidance
of loneliness is maintaining balance (harmony)
between the ‘variables’ of this formula.
Following the formula under discussion,
it can be argued that the fundamental human
need is to be surrounded by their own kind
and have communication with other people.
All other spiritual and social needs, for ex-
ample in self-fulfilment, identity, knowledge,
ideals, values, etc. are built on its basis. With
a high degree of certainty, it can be argued
that a similar point of view was characteristic
of Plato, Aristotle, L. Feuerbach, K. Marx, M.
Buber, M.M. Bakhtin and other famous think-
ers for whom community with the Others, in
the words of the same Karl Marx, seemed to
be ‘the greatest wealth’, rightly opposed to the
imaginary (material) wealth, which, in reality,
is not capable of giving integrity and wholeness
to human existence.