© 1st Forex Trading Academy 2004
11
Introduction
Commercial Companies
- The commercial companies’ international trade exposure is the backbone
of the foreign exchange markets. A multinational company has exposure in accounts receivables
and payables denominated in foreign currencies. They can be protected against unfavorable moves
with foreign exchange. That is why these markets are in existence. Commercial companies often
trade in sizes that are insignificant to short term market moves, however, as the main currency
markets can quite easily absorb hundreds of millions of dollars without any big impact. It is also
clear that one of the decisive factors determining the long-term direction of a currency’s exchange
rate is the overall trade flow.
Some multinational companies, whose exposures are not commonly
known to the majority of
market, can have an unpredictable impact when very large positions are covered.
Retail Brokers
- The arrival of the Internet has brought us a host of retail brokers. There is a
numbered amount of these non-bank brokers offering foreign exchange dealing platforms, analysis,
and strategic advice to retail customers. The fact is many banks do not undertake foreign exchange
trading for retail customers at all, and do not have the necessary resources or inclination to support
retail clients adequately. The services of such retail foreign exchange brokers are more similar in
nature to stock and mutual fund brokers and typically provide a service-orientated approach to
their clients.
Hedge Funds
- Hedge funds have gained a reputation for aggressive currency speculation in recent
years. There is no doubt that with the increasing amount of money
some of these investment
vehicles have under management, the size and liquidity of foreign
exchange markets is very
appealing. The leverage available in these markets also allows such a fund to speculate with tens of
billions at a time. The herd instinct that is very apparent in hedge fund circles was seen in the early
1990’s with George Soros and others squeezing the GBP out of the European Monetary System.
It is unlikely, however, that such investments would be successful if
the underlying investment
strategy was not sound. It is also argued that hedge funds actually perform a beneficial service to
foreign exchange markets. They are able to exploit economical weakness and to expose a countries
unsustainable financial plight, thus forcing realignment to more realistic levels.
Investors and Speculators
- In all efficient markets, the speculator has an important role taking
over the risks that a commercial participant hedges. The boundaries of speculation in the foreign
exchange market are unclear, because many of the above mentioned players also have speculative
interests, even central banks. The foreign exchange market is popular with investors due to the large
amount of leverage that can be obtained and the liquidity with which positions can be entered and
exited. Taking advantage of two currencies interest rate differentials is another popular strategy
that can be efficiently undertaken in a market with high leverage. We have all seen prices of 30 day
forwards, 60 day forwards etc, that is the interest rate difference of the two currencies in exchange
rate terms.