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Figure 156.
Many snails are hermaphrodites. When two individuals mate, they can produce up to one
hundred eggs each
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Sex Determination
Mammalian sex determination is determined genetically
by the presence of X and Y
chromosomes. Individuals homozygous for X (XX) are female and heterozygous individuals (XY)
are male. The presence of a Y chromosome causes the development of male characteristics and its
absence results in female characteristics. The XY system is also found in some insects and plants.
Avian sex determination is dependent on the presence of Z and W chromosomes.
Homozygous for Z (ZZ) results in a male and heterozygous (ZW) results in a female. The W appears
to be essential in determining the sex of the individual, similar to the Y chromosome in mammals.
Some fish, crustaceans, insects (such as butterflies and moths), and reptiles use this system.
Some species' sex is influenced by the environment rather than their genetic makeup. Some
crocodiles and turtles, for instance, frequently determine their sex based on the temperature during
crucial stages of egg development. Environmental
sex determination,
or more specifically
temperature-dependent sex determination, is the term used to describe this. When incubating eggs,
many turtle species produce males when the temperature is cooler and females when the temperature
is warmer. Some species of crocodile produce males when the temperature is
moderate, and females
when the temperature is both warm and cool. In some species, sex is both genetic- and temperature-
dependent. Note that in this discussion and throughout the chapter, we are speaking only about sex,
not gender, when referring to males and females. (Gender is a more complex construct; beyond having
social aspects, it is not universal in the animal kingdom.)
Some species' members alternate between male and female sex throughout their lives. It is
referred to as protogyny or "first female" if the person is a woman, and protandry or "first male" if
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. (credit: Assaf Shtilman)
223
the person is a man. For instance, oysters are born male, develop into female, and then lay eggs; some
oyster species change sex
repeatedly
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.
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