14
, where I
0
is diode saturation current,
q is the elementary electronic charge,
V is the applied
voltage,
n is the diode ideality factor representing junction quality,
k is Boltzmann’s constant
and
T is the absolute temperature. The ideality factor for both devices with and without
nanowires was obtained from the slope of the linear region of the semilogarithmic forward
bias
I-
V curve and expressed by,
(2)
The ideality factor of the diodes was found to be 1.9 and 3.2 for the nanowire based and
planar devices, respectively. It is well known that the diode ideality factor is 1, when the
current is only diffusion type (ideal diode). The ideality factor of the planar heterojunction
was found to be higher. This is due to the parasitic generation and recombination at the
interface states [4], resulting from the lattice mismatch between the CdTe thin film and Si
substrate. On the other hand, the three-dimensional structure and large surface area of the Si
nanowires can reduce the structural disorders formed in CdTe thin film and, hence density of
extended defects/dislocations may decrease. Frequency dependent capacitance (
C) - voltage
(
V) measurements were conducted to deduce the interface trap densities for both the nanowire
based and planar heterojunction diodes. Figure 5 (b) shows the capacitance variation of the
diodes as a function of the frequency (
f) at zero bias. The surface defect density (
N
ss
) at lower
frequencies can be calculated using the relation
N
ss
= C
ss
/
qA, where
q is the elementary
electronic charge,
A is the diode area and
C
ss
is the capacitance value of surface states which
can be determined from the vertical axis intercept of
C-
f plots. The area of both devices was
assumed to be the same and equal to the area of the gold front contact for the calculations.
Defect densities of heterojunction diodes with and without nanowires were obtained as 1.3 x
10
10
and 2.4 x 10
10
eV
-1
cm
-2
, respectively. Indeed, a much lower interface defect density was
15
found for the nanowire based heterojunction device. This result indirectly reveals the
enhanced structural quality of the CdTe thin film sputtered onto the Si nanowire arrays.
Decreased number of the defect states could be evident also from the diode saturation current
of the devices. The values of
I
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