Recording Script
species of toad and was deliberately imported
to this country by
the sugar cane farmers in
1935 to eradicate the beetle which kills the
sugar cane plant.
The cane beetle is the natural enemy of the
sugar cane plant. It lives in the cane and drops
its eggs onto the ground around the base of the
plant. The eggs develop into grubs and then
the grub eats the roots of the cane resulting in
the death of the plant. In the mid thirties there
was a serious outbreak of cane beetle and the
farmers became desperate to get rid of the pest
which was ruining their livelihood.
Meanwhile news was trickling in from overseas
about a toad,
native to central America which
supposedly ate the beetles which killed the
cane. It was reported that the toad had been
taken to Hawaii, where cane is also grown, and
introduced with apparent success. So with the
backing of the Queensland authorities, the
farmers arranged to import one hundred toads
from Hawaii. The toads were then released into
the cane fields to undertake the eradication of
the cane beetle.
As predicted the toads started to breed
successfully and within a very short time
their
numbers had swollen. But there was one
serious problem. It turned out that cane toads
do not eat cane beetles. And the reason for this
is that toads live on insects that are found on
the ground and the cane beetle lives at the top
of the cane plant well out of reach of the toads.
In fact they never come into contact with each
other.
Now you may well ask: How did this terrible
mistake ever happen? And the reason is quite
simply that the farmers were desperate to find
a way of ridding their fields of the cane beetle
and so
they accepted the reports that had been
written without ever doing their own research.
And the added irony is that in 1947, just twelve
years later, an effective pesticide was
developed which kills the beetle, thereby
ensuring the survival of the sugar cane industry
to this day. Meanwhile much of tropical north
east Australia is infested with the cane toad
which serves no purpose whatsoever and
experts claim that the toad is spreading south
in plague proportions.
Now as agricultural scientists, we have to ask
ourselves: what lessons are to be learned from
this tale? And I can think of three main points.
Firstly, one should never rely on claims which
are not backed up by evidence, i.e. in this case,
evidence that the cane toad actually eats the
grub of the cane beetle and thereby kills the
pest.
Secondly,
we should look very carefully at
possible effects of introducing any living species
into a new environment, and lastly, one should
not allow one's decision making to be
influenced by a sense of desperation which
may cloud the issue. In other words, one
should always seek objective advice.
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