potential or other stimulus. That is, the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid is
greater than 10−3 molar, in comparison with less than 10−7 molar inside the
Smooth Muscle Contraction Is Dependent on Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration.
Although changing the extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration from normal has little effect on
the force of contraction of skeletal muscle, this is not true for most smooth muscle. When the
extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration falls to about 1/3 to 1/10 normal, smooth muscle
contraction usually ceases. Therefore, the force of contraction of smooth muscle is usually highly
dependent on extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration.
A Calcium Pump Is Required to Cause
Smooth Muscle Relaxation.
To cause relaxation of smooth muscle after it has contracted, the
calcium ions must be removed from the intracellular fluids. This removal is achieved by a
calcium
pump that pumps calcium ions out of the smooth muscle fiber back into the extracellular fluid, or into
a sarcoplasmic reticulum, if it is present. This pump is slow-acting in comparison with the fastacting
sarcoplasmic reticulum pump in skeletal muscle. Therefore, a single smooth muscle contraction often
lasts for seconds rather than hundredths to tenths of a second, as occurs for skeletal muscle.
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