5.2 . Full annealing, partial annealing.
Catch and release.
To obtain, steels that have reached the eutectoid A
s3
, and steels after the
eutectoid A
s1
are heated to a high temperature
of 30
0
... 50
0
C, held at this temperature
for a certain time, and then higher than the critical speed. cooling with a speed (V
cjd
Mk) is referred to thermal processing. When steel is tempered, martensite is formed
in its structure. Due to the martensitic structure, the strength properties of steel increase.
During forging, steels are cooled in water, salt solutions, mineral oils, salt
solutions, mineral oils.
To achieve optimal results, different methods of fermentation have been
developed: fermentation in one cooler, fermentation in two environments, fermentation
in stages, isotopic acquisition and others.
We have already considered the formation of martensite at intermediate
temperatures and the fact that increasing the carbon content of steel reduces the
temperature of martensite formation (G'
b
.M
t
) . When the amount of carbon exceeds
0.5-0.6%, the formation of martensite is completed, and when such steels are found, a
certain part of austenite remains in the structure without transitioning to martensite .
This deteriorates the property of austenite steel.
0.5%) must be cooled to temperatures below zero degrees in order to transform
residual austenite into martensite .
Such processing is called cold working of steels.
For the purpose of increasing the porosity of the steels, they are discharged.
Thermal treatment after unloading. According to the composition, application,
and function of the steel, three types of release methods are used. ( Look at verse 9 ) .
At low temperature (180-200
0
C) tempering, martensite turns into tempered
martensite. Strength properties of steel increase, internal stresses also decrease slightly.
This method is used for details where high surface hardness is required.
In medium-temperature (350-450
0
C) tempering, martensite breaks down and
troostite is formed, which increases the elasticity properties of steel. This type of
release is used for details that are subject to elastic deformation (spring, spring).
53
A sorbite structure is formed during high-temperature discharge (550...650
0 C).
At the expense of sorbitol, it is used for all properties of steels (Strength, hardness,
impact viscosity, relatively high-temperature release, which serves in difficult
conditions, medium carbons, crankshafts).
freed martenite in hardened steels have a granular shape leads to a sharp increase
in the properties of the steel.
Thermomechanical treatment is one of the new methods of improving steel
properties.
During thermomechanical operation, steels are plastically deformed when
heated, and then it is cooled. Depending on the heating temperature, there are low- and
high-temperature thermomechanical methods of operation.
In low-temperature TMI, steel is cooled from the austenite state to a temperature
higher than M b , at this temperature (400...600
0
C) it is deformed and hardened.
At higher temperature TMI, the steel is deformed in the austenite state, and then
it is found.
The rivet formed during the deformation process plays a major role in achieving
high properties using these methods.
in a magnetic field, under the influence of ultrasound , improves mechanical
properties.
In 1868, the Russian scientist DK Chernov was the first to show that it is possible
to change the structure of steels by heating or cooling them, and determined the
temperatures of phase changes (critical temperatures) and laid the foundation for
thermal work with these works. Russian scientists SS Shteinberg, GV Kurdyumov, VD
Sadovsky and others, foreign scientists Bein, Mel, Vefer and others made a great
contribution to the development of the theory of thermal performance.
Thermal processing is divided into initial and final thermal processing. The
purpose of the initial thermal processing is to prepare the metal for future mechanical
processing. The final thermal treatment is aimed at forming the properties of the
finished product at the required level.
54
Thus, the main purpose of thermal processing is to change the structure and
properties of metals by heating them up to a certain temperature and then cooling them
at a certain speed.
In order for metals to be thermally treated, residual changes must occur during
heating and cooling, otherwise there would be no need for thermal treatment.
Steels are heat-treated alloys, because their structure undergoes residual phase
and other changes during thermal treatment. These changes lead to a change in
properties.
The main factors of thermal performance are temperature (t
1
0
C) and time (
).
Thermal operation mode is determined by these factors. Thermal operation mode
means heating rate (time), heating temperature, holding time (
t
), cooling rate.
The heating temperatures of steels during thermal working are taken from the
"iron-cementite" state diagram.
1
), 6S (A
3
) and SE (Ast) lines of the "iron-cementite" diagram .
There is a difference between cooling and heating. Therefore, to distinguish
between these temperatures, the critical temperature is added to the "S" index during
heating, and the "Ch" index is added during cooling.
Figure 5.1. The steel part of the "iron-cementite" phase diagram.
Alloying substances change the situation of critical temperatures, so this diagram
cannot be used directly in the thermal performance of alloy steels.
The following four phase changes occur during heating and cooling of steels:
55
1) Transformation of pearlite (P) to austenite (A) during heating. This diffusion-
based change
takes place at temperatures T Asi. Under these conditions, the formation
of A is based on the mechanism of crystallization: austenite nuclei are formed, which
grow and turn into grains.
The final thermal treatment is aimed at shaping the properties of finished
products at the required level. Thus, the purpose of thermal treatment is to heat metals
at a certain temperature and then cool them at a certain speed , changing their structure
and properties to the desired direction.
Q TOOK Q
change has to happen or it doesn't need
to work like this . Steels are heat-treated alloys , because during thermal treatment,
their structure undergoes phase changes, and these changes lead to property changes .
The main factors of thermal performance are temperature and time . Based on these
factors , the mode of thermal operation is determined. The term thermal operation mode
means heating rate (time), temperature, cooling time, cooling rate . The heating
temperature of steels during thermal operation is taken from the iron-cementite state
diagram and is determined by the lines A1 , A2 , Ast of the diagram . Critical
temperatures in cooling and heating are different . That is why A1 is called Ac1 when
heated, Az is called As3, and Ag Agz when cooled are called critical points .
Steels are divided into coarse-grained and fine-grained steels according to the
austenite grain growth ability. The growth of austenite grain reduces the malleable
properties of steel and raises the brittle fracture temperature. Dispersed bricks ( oxide
, nitride, carbides) hinder the growth of austenite grain.
According to the state standard (GOST 5039065), the austenite grain size is
divided into 10 points. Steel , with an austenite score of 1..5, is called large-grained
steel .
2) Transition of austenite to pearlite (A
P).
During cooling of steel, at temperatures lower than A
1
, A is decomposed and a
mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite, i.e. pearlite, is formed by diffusion.
According to the degree of supercooling (cooling rate) of steel, transition of
austenite to per l it passes through three stages: a) separation of carbon from austenite
56
and formation of iron carbide: b)
-
transition of iron to iron; c) formation of
martensite. These changes are shown in Figure 10.2 .
Figure 5.2. Diagram of isothermal decomposition of austenite.
The isothermal decomposition diagram of austenite serves to find out the time
of transition of austenite per l it (Fig. 10.2 ).
During the formation of pearlite, the phenomenon of diffusion plays a major
role. The dispersion of products formed during the transition of austenite to pearlite
depends on the cooling rate. Plastic structures are formed in this process.
At temperatures below 550
0
C,
carbon atoms are distributed
in austenite
(diffusion rate is low), austenite with reduced carbon content turns into ferrite by the
sliding mechanism, and acicular cementite is formed. Such a structure is called bainite.
Non-carbide-forming elements (Su, Ni, Si, Al) shift the s-diagram to the right
and
slow down the A P transition, but the shape of the s-diagram does not change.
Carbide-forming elements (Mn, Gr, Mo, W, V) also
slow down the A P
transition, but differently at different temperatures: they slow down at 700...500
0
C,
they slow down sharply at 500...400 (AT
); At 400...30
0
C, the phase change
decreases again (A
B). These events form two peaks in the S-diagram. Such a point
is found in complex alloyed steels.
3) Austenite changes to martensite without diffusion when cooled . Martensite
has a plastic (needle-like) structure and is
a supersaturated solid solution of carbon in
iron. The cooling rate that leads to the formation of martensite is called the critical
57
cooling rate (Vk). Martensite is formed during continuous cooling at a range of
temperatures (Fig. 10.3).
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