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Laboratory work -6
Topic: Carbon steel structure.
Purpose of work:
Practical acquaintance with the method of microscopic
analysis of metals, studying the microstructure (internal structure) of carbon steel
and cast iron, determining the amount of carbon in pre-eutectoid steels depending
on its microstructure
Necessary tools and materials:
Metallographic microscope. Steel samples with different composition.
Circle
and ruler. Atlas of microstructures of metals and alloys
Theoretical information
Usually, if the iron-carbon alloys contain up to 0.025 percent carbon, it is
technical iron
, if it is up to 0.025-2.14 percent carbon -
steel
, and if there is up to
2.14-6.67 percent carbon -
cast iron.
Since these alloys contain chemical elements such as silicon, manganese, sulfur
and phosphorus, in addition to iron and carbon, they are considered to be alloys with
a complex composition. But due to the small amount
of chemical elements other
than iron (Fe) and carbon (C) in their composition, these alloys are considered iron-
carbon alloys. When iron-carbon alloys are cooled slowly at different temperatures
the changes that occur are shown in the state diagram. The study of the state diagram
of iron-carbon alloys is of great practical importance, and the processes of thermal
treatment of cast iron and steel are based on this diagram. In studying such diagrams,
it is necessary to consider the case of alloys with different compositions, from pure
iron (Fe) to pure carbon (C), but the iron-carbon alloys used in practice contain only
up to 5 percent carbon. Therefore, in the study of state diagrams of iron-carbon
alloys, alloys of iron and carbon, called cementite, formed by a chemical compound
containing Fe
3
C are considered. Not (C), but cement with iron (Fe) will be titanium
(Fe
3
C). The diagram is called a state diagram of the ferro-cementite system.
In practice, drawing up the iron-cementite diagram is based on the results of
thermal analysis
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State diagram of
iron-carbon alloy
For this, in the coordinate system, the carbon content in the alloy is placed along
the abscissa axis, and the temperature of the alloy along the ordinate axis. Then, after
determining the critical temperatures and structures of alloys with different
compositions from iron to cementite, determining
the starting and ending
temperatures of crystallization and recrystallization of alloys with different
concentrations, and connecting these points, the state
of iron-cementite alloys
diagram will appear.
The ferro-cementite state diagram represents the structural changes that occur
when iron-carbon alloys are slowly cooled from the liquid state to room temperature.
Therefore, the structures of iron-carbon alloys formed are called equilibrium or
stable structures.
Figure 1 shows the phase diagram of iron-carbon alloys.
When iron-carbon alloys are cooled from a liquid state slowly (less than 10°C
per hour) to room temperature, microscopic analysis shows that stable structures
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such as ferrite, cementite, austenite, pearlite, ledeburite, and graphite are formed.
can be seen.
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