Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility.
17
Carcinogenesis: Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the
18
carcinogenic potential of propofol.
19
Mutagenesis: Propofol was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay
20
(Ames test) using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and
21
TA1538. Propofol was not mutagenic in either the gene mutation/gene conversion test using
22
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or in vitro cytogenetic studies in Chinese hamsters. In the in vivo
23
1
mouse micronucleus assay with Chinese Hamsters propofol administration did not produce
2
chromosome aberrations.
3
Impairment of fertility: Female Wistar rats were administered either 0, 10, or 15 mg/kg/day
4
propofol intravenously from 2 weeks before pregnancy to day 7 of gestation did not show
5
impaired fertility. Male fertility in rats was not affected in a dominant lethal study at
6
intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day for 5 days.
7
Pregnancy
8
Teratogenic effects
9
Pregnancy Category B:
10
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at intravenous doses of 15
11
mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to the recommended human induction dose on a mg/m
2
12
basis) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to
13
propofol. Propofol, however, has been shown to cause maternal deaths in rats and rabbits and
14
decreased pup survival during the lactating period in dams treated with 15 mg/kg/day
15
(approximately equivalent to the recommended human induction dose on a mg/m
2
basis).
16
The pharmacological activity (anesthesia) of the drug on the mother is probably responsible
17
for the adverse effects seen in the offspring. There are, however, no adequate and
18
well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not
19
always predictive of human responses, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if
20
clearly needed.
21
24
1
Labor and Delivery:
2
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not recommended for obstetrics, including cesarean
3
section deliveries. DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion crosses the placenta, and as with other
4
general anesthetic agents, the administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion may be
5
associated with neonatal depression.
6
Nursing Mothers:
7
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not recommended for use in nursing mothers because
8
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion has been reported to be excreted in human milk and the
9
effects of oral absorption of small amounts of propofol are not known.
10
Pediatric Use:
11
The safety and effectiveness of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion have been established for
12
induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients aged 3 years and older and for the maintenance
13
of anesthesia aged 2 months and older.
14
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not recommended for the induction of anesthesia in
15
patients younger than 3 years of age and for the maintenance of anesthesia in patients
16
younger than 2 months of age as safety and effectiveness have not been established.
17
In pediatric patients, administration of fentanyl concomitantly with DIPRIVAN Injectable
18
Emulsion may result in serious bradycardia (see
PRECAUTIONS – General
).
19
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not indicated for use in pediatric patients for ICU
20
sedation or for MAC sedation for surgical, nonsurgical or diagnostic procedures as safety and
21
effectiveness have not been established.
25
1
There have been anecdotal reports of serious adverse events and death in pediatric patients
2
with upper respiratory tract infections receiving DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion for ICU
3
sedation.
4
In one multicenter clinical trial of ICU sedation in critically ill pediatric patients that
5
excluded patients with upper respiratory tract infections, the incidence of mortality observed
6
in patients who received DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion (n=222) was 9%, while that for
7
patients who received standard sedative agents (n=105) was 4%. While causality has not
8
been established, DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not indicated for sedation in pediatric
9
patients until further studies have been performed to document its safety in that population.
10
(See
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics – Pediatric Patients:
and
DOSAGE
11
AND ADMINISTRATION
).
12
In pediatric patients, abrupt discontinuation following prolonged infusion may result in
13
flushing of the hands and feet, agitation, tremulousness and hyperirritability. Increased
14
incidences of bradycardia (5%), agitation (4%), and jitteriness (9%) have also been observed.
15
Geriatric Use:
16
The effect of age on induction dose requirements for propofol was assessed in an open-label
17
study involving 211 unpremedicated patients with approximately 30 patients in each decade
18
between the ages of 16 and 80. The average dose to induce anesthesia was calculated for
19
patients up to 54 years of age and for patients 55 years of age or older. The average dose to
20
induce anesthesia in patients up to 54 years of age was 1.99 mg/kg and in patients above 54 it
21
was 1.66 mg/kg. Subsequent clinical studies have demonstrated lower dosing requirements
22
for subjects greater than 60 years of age.
26
1
A lower induction dose and a slower maintenance rate of administration of DIPRIVAN
2
Injectable Emulsion should be used in elderly patients. In this group of patients, rapid (single
3
or repeated) bolus administration should not be used in order to minimize undesirable
4
cardiorespiratory depression including hypotension, apnea, airway obstruction, and/or
5
oxygen desaturation. All dosing should be titrated according to patient condition and
6
response. (See
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION – Elderly, Debilitated or ASA-PS III or
7
IV Patients
and
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY – Geriatrics.
)
8
ADVERSE REACTIONS
9
General
10
Adverse event information is derived from controlled clinical trials and worldwide marketing
11
experience. In the description below, rates of the more common events represent
12
US/Canadian clinical study results. Less frequent events are also derived from publications
13
and marketing experience in over 8 million patients; there are insufficient data to support an
14
accurate estimate of their incidence rates. These studies were conducted using a variety of
15
premedicants, varying lengths of surgical/diagnostic procedures, and various other
16
anesthetic/sedative agents. Most adverse events were mild and transient.
17
Anesthesia and MAC Sedation in Adults
18
The following estimates of adverse events for DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion include data
19
from clinical trials in general anesthesia/MAC sedation (N=2889 adult patients). The
20
adverse events listed below as probably causally related are those events in which the actual
21
incidence rate in patients treated with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion was greater than the
22
comparator incidence rate in these trials. Therefore, incidence rates for anesthesia and MAC
27
1
sedation in adults generally represent estimates of the percentage of clinical trial patients
2
which appeared to have probable causal relationship.
3
The adverse experience profile from reports of 150 patients in the MAC sedation clinical
4
trials is similar to the profile established with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion during
5
anesthesia (see below). During MAC sedation clinical trials, significant respiratory events
6
included cough, upper airway obstruction, apnea, hypoventilation, and dyspnea.
7
Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients
8
Generally the adverse experience profile from reports of 506 DIPRIVAN Injectable
9
Emulsion pediatric patients from 6 days through 16 years of age in the US/Canadian
10
anesthesia clinical trials is similar to the profile established with DIPRIVAN Injectable
11
Emulsion during anesthesia in adults (see Pediatric percentages [Peds %] below). Although
12
not reported as an adverse event in clinical trials, apnea is frequently observed in pediatric
13
patients.
14
ICU Sedation in Adults
15
The following estimates of adverse events include data from clinical trials in ICU sedation
16
(N=159 adult patients). Probably related incidence rates for ICU sedation were determined
17
by individual case report form review. Probable causality was based upon an apparent dose
18
response relationship and/or positive responses to rechallenge. In many instances the
19
presence of concomitant disease and concomitant therapy made the causal relationship
20
unknown. Therefore, incidence rates for ICU sedation generally represent estimates of the
21
percentage of clinical trial patients which appeared to have a probable causal relationship.
22
28
1
Incidence greater than 1% - Probably Causally Related
Anesthesia/MAC Sedation
ICU Sedation
Cardiovascular:
Bradycardia
Arrhythmia [Peds: 1.2%]
Tachycardia Nodal [Peds.
1.6%]
Hypotension* [Peds 17%]
(see also
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
)
[Hypertension Peds:8%]
Bradycardia
Decreased Cardiac Output
Hypotension 26%
Central Nervous
System:
Movement* [Peds: 17%]
Injection Site:
Burning/Stinging or Pain,
17.6% [Peds: 10%]
Metabolic/Nutritional:
Hyperlipemia*
Respiratory
Apnea
(see also
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
)
Respiratory Acidosis During
Weaning*
Skin and Appendages:
Rash [Peds: 5%]
Pruritus [Peds:2%]
Events without an * or % had an incidence of 1%-3%
*Incidence of events 3% to 10%
2
3
29
1
Incidence less than 1% - Probably Causally Related
Anesthesia/MAC Sedation
ICU Sedation
Body as a Whole:
Anaphylaxis/Anaphylactoid Reaction
Perinatal Disorder
[Tachycardia]
[Bigeminy]
[Bradycardia]
[Premature Ventricular Contractions]
[Hemorrhage]
[ECG Abnormal]
[Arrhythmia Atrial]
[Fever]
[Extremities Pain]
[Anticholinergic Syndrome]
Cardiovascular:
Premature Atrial Contractions
Syncope
Central Nervous System: Hypertonia/Dystonia, Paresthesia
Agitation
Digestive:
[Hypersalivation]
[Nausea]
Hemic/Lymphatic:
[Leukocytosis]
Injection Site:
[Phlebitis]
[Pruritus]
Metabolic:
Musculoskeletal:
Nervous:
[Hypomagnesemia]
Myalgia
[Dizziness]
[Agitation]
[Chills]
[Somnolence]
[Delirium]
Respiratory:
Wheezing
[Cough]
[Laryngospasm]
[Hypoxia]
Decreased Lung Function
Skin and Appendages:
Flushing, Pruritus
Special Senses:
Amblyopia
[Vision Abnormal]
2
Urogenital:
Cloudy Urine
Green Urine
3
30
1
Incidence less than 1% - Causal Relationship Unknown
Anesthesia/MAC Sedation
ICU Sedation
Body as a Whole:
Asthenia, Awareness, Chest Pain,
Extremities Pain, Fever, Increased
Drug Effect, neck Rigidity/Stiffness,
Trunk pain
Fever, Sepsis, Trunk Pain, Whole Body Weakness
Cardiovascular:
Arrhythmia, Atrial Fibrillation,
Atrioventricular Heart Block,
Bigeminy, Bleeding, Bundle Branch
Block, Cardiac Arrest, ECG Abnormal,
Block, Hypertension, Myocardial
Infarction, Myocardial Ischemia,
Premature Ventricular Contractions,
ST Segment Depression,
Supraventricular Tachycardia,
Tachycardia, Ventricular Fibrillation
Arrhythmia, Atrial Fibrillation, Bigeminy, Cardiac
Arrest, Extrasystole, Right Heart Failure, ventricular
Tachycardia
Central Nervous System: Abnormal Dreams, Agitation,
Amorous Behavior, Anxiety,
Bucking/Jerking/Thrashing,
Chills/Shivering/Clonic/Myoclonic
Movement, Combativeness,
Confusion, Delirium, Depression,
Dizziness, Emotional Lability,
Euphoria, Fatigue, Hallucinations,
Headache, Hypotonia, Hysteria,
Insomnia, Moaning, Neuropathy,
Opisthotonos, Rigidity, Seizures,
Somnolence, Tremor, Twitching
Chills/Shivering, Intracranial Hypertension,
Seizures, Somnolence, Thinking Abnormal
Digestive:
Cramping, Diarrhea, Dry Mouth,
Enlarged Parotid, Nausea, Swallowing,
Vomiting
Ileus, Liver Function Abnormal
Hematologic/Lymphatic: Coagulation Disorder, Leukocytosis
Injection Site:
Hives/Itching, Phlebitis,
Redness/Discoloration
Metabolic/Nutritional:
Hyperkalemia, Hyperlipemia
BUN Increased, Creatinine Increased, Dehydration,
Hyperglycemia, Metabolic Acidosis, Osmolality
Increased
Respiratory:
Bronchospasm, Burning in Throat,
Cough, Dyspnea, Hiccough,
Hyperventilation, Hypoventilation,
Hypoxia, Laryngospasm, Pharyngitis,
Sneezing, Tachypnea, Upper Airway
Obstruction
Hypoxia
Skin and Appendages:
Conjunctival Hyperemia, Diaphoresis,
Urticaria
Rash
31
Special Senses:
Diplopia, Ear Pain, Eye Pain,
Nystagmus, Taste Perversion,
Tinnitus
Urogenital:
Oliguria, Urine Retention
Kidney Failure
1
DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
2
Rare cases of self-administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion by health care
3
professionals have been reported, including some fatalities. DIPRIVAN Injectable
4
Emulsion should be managed to prevent the risk of diversion, including restriction of access
5
and accounting procedures as appropriate to the clinical setting.
6
OVERDOSAGE
7
If overdosage occurs, DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion administration should be discontinued
8
immediately. Overdosage is likely to cause cardiorespiratory depression. Respiratory
9
depression should be treated by artificial ventilation with oxygen. Cardiovascular depression
10
may require repositioning of the patient by raising the patient's legs, increasing the flow rate
11
of intravenous fluids, and administering pressor agents and/or anticholinergic agents.
12
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
13
Propofol blood concentrations at steady state are generally proportional to infusion rates,
14
especially in individual patients. Undesirable effects such as cardiorespiratory depression are
15
likely to occur at higher blood concentrations which result from bolus dosing or rapid
16
increases in the infusion rate. An adequate interval (3 to 5 minutes) must be allowed
17
between dose adjustments to allow for and assess the clinical effects.
18
When administering DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion by infusion, syringe or volumetric
19
pumps are recommended to provide controlled infusion rates. When infusing DIPRIVAN
32
1
Injectable Emulsion to patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging, metered control
2
devices may be utilized if mechanical pumps are impractical.
3
Changes in vital signs indicating a stress response to surgical stimulation or the emergence
4
from anesthesia may be controlled by the administration 25 mg (2.5 mL) to 50 mg (5 mL)
5
incremental boluses and/or by increasing the infusion rate of DIPRIVAN Injectable
6
Emulsion.
7
For minor surgical procedures (e.g., body surface) nitrous oxide (60%-70%) can be
8
combined with a variable rate DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion infusion to provide
9
satisfactory anesthesia. With more stimulating surgical procedures (e.g., intra-abdominal), or
10
if supplementation with nitrous oxide is not provided, administration rate(s) of DIPRIVAN
11
Injectable Emulsion and/or opioids should be increased in order to provide adequate
12
anesthesia.
13
Infusion rates should always be titrated downward in the absence of clinical signs of light
14
anesthesia until a mild response to surgical stimulation is obtained in order to avoid
15
administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion at rates higher than are clinically
16
necessary. Generally, rates of 50 to 100 mcg/kg/min in adults should be achieved during
17
maintenance in order to optimize recovery times.
18
Other drugs that cause CNS depression (hypnotics/sedatives, inhalational anesthetics, and
19
opioids) can increase CNS depression induced by propofol. Morphine premedication (0.15
20
mg/kg) with nitrous oxide 67% in oxygen has been shown to decrease the necessary propofol
21
injection maintenance infusion rate and therapeutic blood concentrations when compared to
22
non-narcotic (lorazepam) premedication.
33
1
Induction of General Anesthesia
2
Adult Patients: Most adult patients under 55 years of age and classified as ASA-PS I or II
3
require 2 to 2.5 mg/kg of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion for induction when
4
unpremedicated or when premedicated with oral benzodiazepines or intramuscular opioids.
5
For induction, DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be titrated (approximately 40 mg
6
every 10 seconds) against the response of the patient until the clinical signs show the onset of
7
anesthesia. As with other sedative-hypnotic agents, the amount of intravenous opioid and/or
8
benzodiazepine premedication will influence the response of the patient to an induction dose
9
of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion.
10
Elderly, Debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV Patients: It is important to be familiar and
11
experienced with the intravenous use of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion before treating
12
elderly, debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV patients. Due to the reduced clearance and higher
13
blood concentrations, most of these patients require approximately 1 to 1.5 mg/kg
14
(approximately 20 mg every 10 seconds) of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion for induction of
15
anesthesia according to their condition and responses. A rapid bolus should not be used, as
16
this will increase the likelihood of undesirable cardiorespiratory depression including
17
hypotension, apnea, airway obstruction, and/or oxygen desaturation (See
DOSAGE AND
18
ADMINISTRATION
).
19
Pediatric Patients: Most patients aged 3 years through 16 years and classified ASA-PS I or
20
II require 2.5 to 3.5 mg/kg of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion for induction when
21
unpremedicated or when lightly premedicated with oral benzodiazepines or intramuscular
22
opioids. Within this dosage range, younger pediatric patients may require higher induction
23
doses than older pediatric patients. As with other sedative-hypnotic agents, the amount of
34
1
intravenous opioid and/or benzodiazepine premedication will influence the response of the
2
patient to an induction dose of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion. A lower dosage is
3
recommended for pediatric patients classified as ASA-PS III or IV. Attention should be paid
4
to minimize pain on injection when administering DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion to
5
pediatric patients. Boluses of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion may be administered via
6
small veins if pretreated with lidocaine or via antecubital or larger veins (See
7
PRECAUTIONS - General
).
8
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