map — maps
hand — hands
belt — belts
shoe — shoes
safe — safes
bag — bags
2. -s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh harfl ari bilan tugagan otlarga -es qo‘shimchasi
qo‘shiladi va [ız] deb o‘qiladi:
class — classes
dish — dishes
box — boxes
inch — inches
3. -se, -ce, -ze, -ge bilan tugagan otlarga qo‘shilgan -s qo‘shimchasi [ız]
deb talaffuz qilinadi:
horse — horses
place — places
prize — prizes
judge — judges
4. Otlar oxiridagi -y harfi ga ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi –es qo‘shilganda -y
harfi -i ga aylanadi:
army — armies
company — companies
city — cities
factory — factories
-y bilan tugagan bir bo‘g‘inli so‘zlarga -s qo‘shilganda u o‘zgar -
maydi:
day — days
boy — boys
toy — toys
key — keys
5. O harfi bilan tugagan so‘zlarga –es qo‘shiladi:
cargo — cargoes — yuk
tomato — tomatoes — pomidor
hero — heroes — qahramon
potato — potatoes — kartoshka
Lekin quydagi so‘zlarga –s qo‘shiladi:
Piano — pianos — pianino photo — photos — fotografi ya
6. -f, -fe bilan tugagan otlarga –es, -s qo‘shiladi va f harfi v ga ayla-
nadi:
leaf — leaves — yaproq
knife — knives — pichoq
wolf — wolves — bo‘ri
wife — wives — xotin
Ammo quyidagilarga -s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda o‘zgarmaydi:
chief — chiefs — boshliq
roof — roofs — tom
safe — safes — seyf
handkerchief — handkerchiefs —
ro‘molcha
wharf — wharfs; wharves — pristan
112
7. Ba’zi otlarning ko‘pligi, qo‘shimcha qo‘shilmasdan, o‘zagidan o‘z-
garadi:
man — men — erkak
woman — women — ayol
goose — geese — g‘oz
foot — feet — oyoq
mouse — mice — sichqon
ox — oxen — ho‘kiz
child — children — bola
8. Grek va lotin tilidan kirib kelgan so‘zlarning ko‘pligi quyidagi cha
yasaladi:
datum [deitam]
berilgan kattalik
data [deita]
addendum [a’dendam]
qo‘shimcha
addenda [a`denda]
erratum [i’reitam]
xato
errata [i’reita]
memorandum
[mema’randam]
memorandum
memoranda
[mema`randa]
phenomenon
[fi ’nominan]
ko‘rinish
phenomina [fi nomina]
basis [beisis]
asos
bases [beisi:z]
crises [kraisis]
inqiroz
crises [kraisi:z]
9. penny — pens otining ikkita ko‘pligi bor:
pence — pul birligi ma’nosida;
pennies — tangalar, chaqalar ma’nosida.
10. sheep — qo‘y, fi sh — baliq otlari birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shakl ga
ega:
This farm has a great number of
sheep.
Bu fermaning qo‘ylari ko‘p.
I caught two fi sh.
Men ikkita baliq tutdim.
Ammo baliq turlari haqida gapirganimizda fi shning ko‘pligi fi shes
bo‘ladi:
In this lake there are fi shes of many
varities.
Bu ko‘lda turli baliqlar bor.
11. dozen — dyujina (o‘n ikkitalik), score — yigirmatalik so‘zlaridan
oldin son kelsa birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi. Two dozen of
eggs — 2 dyujina tuxum, three score of years — oltmish yil.
Bu otlar oldidan son kelmasa ko‘plikda –s qo‘shimchsini oladi:
Pack the books in dozens, please.
Kitoblarni dyujinalab o‘rang.
Scores of people were present there.
U yerda yigirmatalab (ko‘p)
odam lar bor edi.
12. works — zavod, zavodlar, means — vosita, vositalar otlari birlik va
ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi:
113
A new glass works has been built
near the village.
There are two brick works outside
the town.
He found a means of helping them.
Are there any other means of he l-
ping them?
Qishloq yaqinida yangi shisha
zavodi qurildi.
Shahar tashqarisida ikkita g‘isht
zavodi bor.
U ularga yordam berish vosita-
sini topdi.
Ularga yordam berishning bosh-
qa yo‘llari bormi?
QO‘SHMA OTLARNING KO‘PLIGI
1. Ajratib yoziladigan qo‘shma otlarning asosiy ma’no beruvchi so‘zi
ko‘plikda keladi:
custom-house bojxona
custom-houses
man-of-war
harbiy kema
men-of-war
hotel-keeper mehmonxona
xo‘jayini
hotel-keepers
mother-in-law qaynona
mothers-in-law
passer-by o‘tkinchi
passers-by
2. Agar qo‘shma so‘zning birinchi so‘zi man yoki woman bo‘lsa, har
ikkala so‘z ham ko‘plik shaklida keladi:
man-servant — xizmatkor — men-servants
woman-doctor — ayol shifokor — women-doctors
3. Qo‘shib yozilgan qo‘shma so‘zlarning ikkinchi so‘zi ko‘plikda bo‘-
ladi:
schoolboy — maktab bolasi — schoolboys
housewife — uy bekasi — housewives
postman — pochtachi — postmen
FAQAT BIRLIKDA ISHLATILADIGAN OTLAR
1. Donalab sanalmaydigan otlar — moddiy va mavhum otlar faqat
birlikda ishlatiladi, ularning ko‘plik shakli yo‘q:
sugar — shakar
love — sevgi
iron — temir
friendship — do‘stlik
2. advice — maslahat, information — axborot, progress — muvaffa-
qiyat, knowledge — bilim otlari faqat birlikda ishlatiladi:
He gave me some good advice.
U menga yaxshi maslahat berdi.
We have very little information on
this subject.
Bizda bu masalada juda oz axbo-
rot bor.
8 — M. G‘apporov
114
I am satisfi ed with your progress.
Men sizning muvaffaqiyatin-
gizdan qanoatlanaman.
3. news oti va oxiri - ics qo‘shimchasi bilan tugagan fan nomlari va
kasallik nomlari ( measles, mumps) faqat birlikda ishlatiladi:
What is the news?
Phonetics is a branch of linguis-
tics.
Mathematics forms the basis of
many subjects.
Qanday (Nima) yangilik bor?
Fonetika tilshunoslikning bir
sohasidir.
Matematika ko‘p fanlarning
asosidir.
4. money — pul, hair — soch otlari faqat birlikda ishlatiladi:
Her hair is dark .
Uning sochi qora.
This money belongs to him.
Bu pul unga qarashli.
5. Fruit — meva oti faqat birlikda ishlatiladi:
Fruit is cheap in summer.
Yozda meva arzon.
We eat a great deal of fruit.
Biz ko‘p meva yeymiz.
Ammo meva turlari haqida gapirganimizda fruit so‘zining ko‘pligi fruits
bo‘ladi:
On the table there are apples, plums,
and other fruits.
Stolda olmalar, olxo‘rilar va
bosh qa mevalar bor.
FAQAT KO‘PLIKDA KELADIGAN OTLAR
1. Ko‘pgina juft otlar (buyumlarning nomlari) faqat ko‘plikda ish-
latiladi:
scissors — qaychi
trousers — shim
spectacles — ko‘zoynak
scales — tarozi
tongs — ombur
These scissors are very sharp.
Bu qaychi juda o‘tkir.
Your trousers are too long.
Sizning shimingiz juda uzun.
Where are my spectacles?
Mening ko‘zoynagim qayerda?
Quyidagi jamlama otlar ham faqat ko‘plikda ishlatiladi:
goods — mollar, tovarlar
contents — mundarija, mazmun
proceeds — savdo tushumi
clothes — kiyim-kechak
slums — xarobalar
stairs — zina
These goods have arrived from
London
Bu tovarlar Londondan kelgan.
The contents of the letter have not
been changed.
Xatning mazmuni o‘zgartirilgan
emas.
115
His clothes were wet as he had
been caught in the rain.
Uning kiyimlari ho‘l edi chunki
u yomg‘irda qolgan edi.
The proceeds of the sale of the
goods have been transferred to
London.
Mollarni sotishdan tushgan
tushum Londonga o‘tkazildi.
2. People so‘zi odamlar ma’nosida kelganda faqat ko‘plikda ishlati-
ladi:
There were many people there.
U yerda ko‘p odamlar bor edi.
People so‘zi xalq ma’nosida kelganda ham birlikda, ham ko‘plikda
ishlatiladi:
The Russian people is invincible.
Rus xalqi yengilmas.
The Pueblo peoples spoke fi ve dif-
ferent languages.
Pueblo xalqlari beshta turli
tillarda gaplashganlar.
But all the peoples in America were
polytheistic, worshiping a multitude
of gods.
Lekin barcha Amerika xalqlari
ko‘p xudolarga sig‘inuvchi
bo‘l ganlar.
Otlarda kelishik (Case of Nouns)
1. Ingliz tilida otlarda faqat ikkita kelishik bor:
a) Bosh (umumiy) kelishik ( the Common Case);
b) Qaratqich kelishigi ( the Possessive Case).
2. Umumiy kelishikdagi otlarning hech qanday qo‘shimchasi bo‘l-
maydi, predlog bilan kelmaganda ularning boshqa so‘zlar bilan muno-
sabati gapdagi o‘rniga qarab belgilanadi. Ot kesimdan oldin kelsa, gapning
egasi bo‘ladi, predlogsiz ot kesimdan keyin kelsa gapda to‘ldiruvchi
bo‘lib keladi:
The student recognized the teacher
Talaba o‘qituvchini tanidi.
The teacher recognized the stu-
dent.
O‘qituvchi talabani tanidi.
The teacher showed the students a
diagram.
O‘qituvchi talabalarga diagram-
ma ko‘rsatdi.
3. Qaratqich kelishigi otga ‘ s (apostrofl i s qo‘shimchasi ) qo‘shish bilan
yasaladi. Bu qo‘shimcha ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi sga o‘xshab [s], [z], [iz] deb
talaffuz qilinadi:
the girl’s hat
Jack’s friend
the horse’s leg
qizning shlapasi
Jekning do‘sti
otning oyog‘i
116
4. Qaratqich kelishigi ko‘plikdagi otlardan keyin faqat apostrof belgisini
qo‘yish bilan yasaladi:
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