Harlem Renaissance and black community in American literature Plan: Introduction 3

III. Conclusion
In his book Notes for a New Culture: An Essay on Modernism (1976), Ackroyd attacked contemporary English literature and the literary establishment and dismissed conventional realistic fiction as no longer useful. His own novels reflected this position, integrating historical and modern settings to deliberately disrupt the conventions of historical fiction. chancellor, in western Europe, the title of holders of numerous offices of varying importance, mainly secretarial, legal, administrative, and ultimately political in nature. The Roman cancellarii, minor legal officials who stood by the cancellus, or bar, separating the tribune from the public, were later employed in the imperial scrinia (writing departments). After the fall of the empire, the succeeding barbarian rulers copied Roman administrative practice; thus it came about that the writing offices of medieval territorial rulers, both secular and ecclesiastical, were presided over by a chancellor (sometimes an archchancellor, or a vice-chancellor). Until about the 13th century, few people besides priests, clerks, and monks were literate, and the chancellor was thus an ecclesiastic. As keeper of the great seal used to authenticate royal documents, the chancellor became, in most medieval kingdoms, the most powerful official. The office was finally abolished in Austria (1806), in France (1848), and in Spain (1873). In England no chancellor wielded primatial political power after Cardinal Wolsey; the lord chancellor was traditionally head of the judiciary and president of the House of Lords until the office was redefined in constitutional reforms implemented in 2006. In Germany from 1871 and in Austria from 1918, the title Kanzler (“chancellor”) has been held by the prime minister.


IV. List of literature
^[1] McLean, Andrew M. Thomas More's Utopia as Dialogue and City Encomium. [1985] See Dialogue, Dialectic and Drama.
^[2] Freeman, John. A Model Territory: Enclosure in More's Utopia. The Territorial Rights of Nations and Peoples. Ed. John R. Jacobson. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989. 241–67. [Sum.: Geritz R144
^[3] McClung, William A. Designing Utopia. Moreana 118/119 (1994): 9–28. [Sum.: p. 287; Geritz R263. On the problem of mapping Utopia and visualising Utopian architecture.
^[4] Jones, Sarah Rees. Thomas More's Utopia and Medieval London. Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Communities, 1200–1630. Ed. Rosemary Horrox, Sarah Rees Jones, and Richard Barrie Dobson. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 117–13;
^[5] Ribhegge, Wilhelm. Thomas More's Utopia: The Humanist View of City and Court in the Renaissance. Wolfenbütteler Renaissance Mitteilungen 29 (2005): 18–31;
^[6] Carpinelli, Francis. Pollutions Beyond the Walls — In More's London and in his Utopia. Moreana 51:197–198 (Dec. 2014): 83–113. [Sum.: pp.83–84.]
^[7] Goodey, Brian R. Mapping Utopia: A Comment on the Geography of Sir Thomas More. The Geographical Review 60 (1970): 15–30. [Sum.: Geritz R158; Wentworth 552.]

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