The Pyramids are one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Decorating the Nile waterfront they loom over passing boats. They are the lasting reminders of the Pharaohs that once ruled Egypt and of the power that the nation had.
Mastaba tombs were low rectangular brick or stone structures. Like the pyramids, they were built on the west side of the Nile (symbol of death, where the sun falls into the underworld).
Mastaba tombs were low rectangular brick or stone structures. Like the pyramids, they were built on the west side of the Nile (symbol of death, where the sun falls into the underworld).
In the mastabas, lavish tombs with all necessary possessions would be prepared for the Phaorahs
BURIAL TOMBS: four-sided stone structure that symbolizes the sacred mountain, humanity’s universal striving to reach the heavens.
BURIAL TOMBS: four-sided stone structure that symbolizes the sacred mountain, humanity’s universal striving to reach the heavens.
PURPOSE: because the Pharaoh was viewed as a god, he lived in the spirit world with the gods. Upon death, he had to be able to return to his body on earth, and required a tomb where his body would be preserved and surrounded by materials he would need whenever his spirit returned to his body
IMMORTALITY: the ancient belief in raising the human spirit towards the gods is the quintessential purpose behind the construction of pyramids
Valley of the Kings
Beginning with the 18th Dynasty and ending with the 20th, the kings abandoned the Memphis area and built their tombs in Thebes.
Also abandoned were the pyramid style tombs.
Most of the tombs were cut into the limestone following a similar pattern: three corridors, an antechamber and a sunken sarcophagus chamber.
These catacombs were harder to rob and were more easily concealed.
Construction usually lasted six years, beginning with the new reign.
The text in the tombs are from the Book of the Dead, the Book of the Gates and the Book of the Underworld.
Imhotep: The Step Pyramid at Saqqara
During the early Old Kingdom (2680 BCE), King Djoser commissioned Imhotep to build him a memorial tomb that would remind future generations of his brilliance and power
Imhotep took the idea of the mastabas and stacked six of them one on top of the other > creating a stairway to Heaven
This became the world’s first building made completely of stone
Inner burial chambers and hidden passages and tombs were built within the pyramids
The pyramids have mathematical dimensions that have stupefied later societies
Pharaoh Sneferu 2575-2551 BCE) (father to Khufu)
Most enthusiastic builder of pyramids building at least four pyramids during his reign
At Dashur, a pyramid was built with 2 entrances (north and west)
However the angle of the first was too sharp and collapsed
To save the other, the angle of the walls was changed, leaving a bent appearance
This is called the “Bent Pyramid”!
The Red Pyramid was the first to achieve the perfect pyramid shape
Giza Pyramid: The Great Pyramid
Built under the rule of Khufu (Cheops in Greek) outside of Cairo (Giza)
Belief that Pharaoh would join the sun-god Re as Re made his daily journey by boat across the sky. Thus Khufu would need a pyramid shaped like a sunburst, so he could climb on the rays of the sun to join Re
Nearly 10 football fields could fit within the base.
The area of the base is also equal to about seven city blocks in New York City or about 13 acres.
The rocky structure where the pyramids stand had to be leveled (south east corner is just 1/3 inch higher than northwest corner!
The rocky structure where the pyramids stand had to be leveled (south east corner is just 1/3 inch higher than northwest corner!
Great Pyramid is a sundial. The shadow fell on pavements and the pavements were marked with the day of the year and the hour of the day.
Great Pyramid is a giant calendar. The Egyptians could use it to measure the length of a year to three decimal places… 365.24
Did you know?
The surface of blocks did not crack along layers after thousands of years of exposure to wind and sun
The casing stones, 144,000 in all, were so brilliant that they could literally be seen from the mountains of Israel hundreds of miles away. On bright mornings and late afternoons, sunlight reflected by this vast mirrored surface of 5-1/4 acres distinguished the Pyramid as being visible from the moon.
In the Chamber
In the heart of the burial chamber, you'll be 20 m (66 ft) beneath the foundation with over 6 million tons of stone piled above you!
Inside the pyramids there were false doors, staircases and corridors
The area of the base of the pyramid divided by twice its height gives the figure of pie (3.14)
The area of the base of the pyramid divided by twice its height gives the figure of pie (3.14)
The height of the Pyramid's apex is 5,812.98 inches, and each side is 9,131 inches from corner to corner (in a straight line). If the circumference of the Pyramid is divided by twice its height (the diameter of a circle is twice the radius), the result is 3.14159, which just happens to be pi. Incredibly, this calculation is accurate to six digits. So the Pyramid is a square circle, and thus pi was designed into it 4,600 years ago. Pi is demonstrated many times throughout the Pyramid.
QUESTIONS…
QUESTIONS…
Blocks of granite moved from Aswan (950 km away) each weighing 53.5 tons
How did people get out of pyramids (building trap doors / secret corridors?
No markings inside the pyramids from torches?
How did they transport the stones? Ramps? Boats? Lifting?
Who built these pyramids?
Power of the Pyramid Shape
Scientists experimented by making model pyramids and placing different types of food in them (usually food that goes bad quickly). The food stayed in good condition much longer than expected….
1959, engineer Karel Drbal did a similar experiment with blunt razor blades. To his astonishment, Drbal found the blades actually became sharp again when stored in pyramid. He sold his idea to a company who successfully sold plastic models of pyramids.
Theories: Who really built the pyramids?
Slaves (100 000 or 20 000? )
Hebrew Slaves
Farmers (during annual flooding)
Stars
Aliens
How long?
Transportation Methods?
Limestone from quarries floated to base of pyramids
Articles: 1)“Heave –Ho” 2) “Chariots Still Crash” 3) “Pouring a Pyramid”
Great Sphinx
oldest and longest stone sculpture from the Old Kingdom
lion’s body and a human head, it represents Ra-Horakhtv, a form of the powerful sun god, and is the incarnation of royal power and the protector of the temple doors.
The face of the Great Sphinx is believed to be that of Chephren, the fourth-dynasty pharaoh who built the second-largest pyramid in the Giza triad.
Carved out of a natural limestone outcrop, the Sphinx is 19.8 metres (65 feet) high and 73.2 metres (240 feet) long.
It is located a short distance from the Great Pyramid.
