Idioms, phraseological units. Phraseological expressions and their types
(proverb, folk tales)
The place of proverbs, sayings and familiar quotations with respect to set
expressions is a controversial issue. A proverb is a short familiar epigrammatic
saying expressing popular wisdom, a truth or a moral lesson in a concise and
imaginative way. Proverbs have much in common with set expressions, because
their lexical components are also constant, their meaning is traditional and mostly
figurative, and they are introduced into speech ready-made. That is why some
scholars following V.V. Vinogradov think proverbs must be studied together with
phraseological units. Others like J. Casares and N.N. Amosova think that unless
they regularly form parts of other sentences it is erroneous to include them into the
system of
language, because they are independent units of communication. N.N.
Amosova even thinks that there is no more reason to consider them as part of
phraseology than, for instance, riddles and children’s counts. This standpoint is
hardly acceptable especially if we do not agree
with the narrow limits of
phraseology offered by this author. Riddles and counts are not as a rule included
into utterances in the process of
communication, whereas proverbs are. Whether
they are included into an utterance as independent sentences or as part of sentences
is immaterial. If we
follow that line of reasoning, we shall have to exclude all
interjections such as
Hang it (all)
! because they are also syntactically independent.
As to the argument that in many proverbs the meaning of
component parts does not
show any specific changes when compared to the meaning of the same words in
free
combinations, it must be pointed out that in this respect they do not differ from
very many set expressions, especially those which are emotionally neutral.
Another reason why proverbs must be taken into consideration together with set
expressions is that they often form the basis of set expressions. E. g.
the last straw
breaks the camel’s back
: :
the last straw; a drowning man will clutch at a straw
: :
clutch at a straw; it is useless to lock the stable door when the steed is stolen
: :
lock the stable door
‘to take precautions when the accident they are meant to
prevent has already happened’