Ielts reading question-type based tests true false not given matching headings

iii 
Need to take action 
iv 
Advertising effects of the “Big Four” 
v 
Connection of advertising and children’s weight problems 
vi 
Evidence that advertising affects what children buy to eat 
vii 
How parents influence children’s eating habits 
viii 
Advertising’s focus on unhealthy options 
ix 
Children often buy what they want 
x 
Underestimating the effects advertising has on children
 
This review was commissioned by the Food Standards Agency to examine the current research evidence on: 
• the extent and nature of food promotion to children 
• the effect, if any, that this promotion has on their food knowledge, preferences and behaviour. 
 
A. 
Children’s food promotion is dominated by television advertising, and the great majority of this promotes 
the so-called ‘Big Four’ of pre-sugared breakfast cereals, soft-drinks, confectionary and savoury snacks. In 
the last ten years advertising for fast food outlets has rapidly increased. There is some evidence that the 
dominance of television has recently begun to wane. The importance of strong, global branding reinforces a 
need for multi-faceted communications combining television with merchandising, ‘tie-ins’ and point of sale 
activity. The advertised diet contrasts sharply with that recommended by public health advisors, and themes 
of fun and fantasy or taste, rather than health and nutrition, are used to promote it to children. Meanwhile, 
the recommended diet gets little promotional support. 
 
B. 
There is plenty of evidence that children notice and enjoy food promotion. However, establishing whether 
this actually influences them is a complex problem. The review tackled it by looking at studies that had 
examined possible effects on what children know about food, their food preferences, their actual food 
behaviour (both buying and eating), and their health outcomes (eg. obesity or cholesterol levels). The 
majority of studies examined food advertising, but a few examined other forms of food promotion. In terms 
of nutritional knowledge, food advertising seems to have little influence on children’s general perceptions of 
what constitutes a healthy diet, but, in certain contexts, it does have an effect on more specific types of 
nutritional knowledge. For example, seeing soft drink and cereal adverts reduced primary aged children’s 
ability to determine correctly whether or not certain products contained real fruit.