Ielts reading question-type based tests true false not given matching headings

Welcome to Mr Aslanov’s Lessons 
QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS 
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involved in generating the placebo response," says Don Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida 
who studies the placebo effect in dental pain. 
"But endorphins are still out in front." That case has been strengthened by the recent work of Fabrizio 
Benedetti of the University of Turin, who showed that the placebo effect can be abolished by a drug, 
naloxone, which blocks the effects of endorphins. Benedetti induced pain in human volunteers by inflating a 
bloodpressure cuff on the forearm. He did this several times a day for several days, using morphine each 
time to control the pain. On the final day, without saying anything, he replaced the morphine with a saline 
solution. This still relieved the subjects' pain: a placebo effect. But when he added naloxone to the saline the 
pain relief disappeared. Here was direct proof that placebo analgesia is mediated, at least in part, by these 
natural opiates.
Still, no one knows how belief triggers endorphin release, or why most people can't achieve placebo 
pain relief simply by willing it. Though scientists don't know exactly how placebos work, they have 
accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about how to trigger the effect. A London rheumatologist found, for 
example, that red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. 
Research on American students revealed that blue pills make better sedatives than pink, a colour more 
suitable for stimulants. Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take 
for a headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective. It matters, too, how the 
treatment is delivered. Decades ago, when the major tranquilliser chlorpromazine was being introduced, a 
doctor in Kansas categorised his colleagues according to whether they were keen on it, openly sceptical of 
its benefits, or took a "let's try and see" attitude. His conclusion: the more enthusiastic the doctor, the better 
the drug performed. And this year Ernst surveyed published studies that compared doctors' bedside manners. 
The studies turned up one consistent finding: "Physicians who adopt a warm, friendly and reassuring 
manner," he reported, "are more effective than those whose consultations are formal and do not offer 
reassurance." 
Warm, friendly and reassuring are precisely CAM's strong suits, of course. Many of the ingredients of 
that opening recipe—the physical contact, the generous swathes of time, the strong hints of supernormal 
healing power—are just the kind of thing likely to impress patients. It's hardly surprising, then, that 
complementary practitioners are generally best at mobilising the placebo effect, says Arthur Kleinman, 
professor of social anthropology at Harvard University. 

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