155 | P a g e
upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class
pronunciation into upper-class speech.
D A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they
copy their parents’ speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true
that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps
it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their
pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This,
however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is
some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations
they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language.
E One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort.
The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation, which is a very
common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a
neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the /m/ has been
changed to /n/ under the influence of the following /t/. Greater efficiency has hereby been
achieved, because /n/ and /t/ are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue
against the teeth-ridge), whereas /m/ is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the
place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the
following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common
pronunciation of football as football.
F Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation in order to
increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in
Middle English, word-final [-
n] was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken ‘to
bake’ changed from ['ba:kan] to ['ba:k3],and later to [ba:k]. Consonant-clusters are often
simplified. At one time there was a [t] in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial [k]
in words like knight and know
. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two
successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is
temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory.