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E But the master-
apprentice approach hasn’t caught on outside the U.S., and Hinton’s
effort is a drop in the sea. At least 440 languages have been reduced to a mere handful
of elders, according to the Ethnologue, a catalogue of languages produced by the Dallas-
based group SIL International that comes closest to global coverage. For the vast majority
of these languages, there is little or no record of their grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation
or use in daily life. Even if a language has been fully documented, all that remains once
it vanishes from active use is a fossil skeleton, a scattering of features that the scientist
was lucky and astute enough to capture. Linguists may be able to sketch an outline of the
forgotten language and fix its place on the evolu
tionary tree, but little more. “How did
people start conversations and talk to babies? How did husbands and wives converse?”
Hinton asks. “Those are the first things you want to learn when you want to revitalize the
language.
F But there is as yet no disci
pline of “conservation linguistics” as there is for biology.
Almost every strategy tried so far has succeeded in some places but failed in others, and
there seems to be no way to predict with certainty what will work where. Twenty years
ago in New Zealand,
Maori speakers set up “language nests, “in which preschoolers were
immersed in the native language. Additional Maori-only classes were added as the
children progressed through elementary and secondary school. A similar approach was
tried in Hawaii, with some success - the number of native speakers has stabilized at 1,000
or so, reports Joseph E. Grimes of SIL International, who is working on Oahu. Students
can now get instruction in Hawaiian all the way through university.
G One factor that always seems to occur in the demise of a language is that the speakers
begin to have collective doubts about the usefulness of language loyalty. Once they start
regarding their own language as inferior to the majority language, people stop using it for
all situations. Kids pick up on the attitude and prefer the dominant language. In many
cases, people don’t notice until they suddenly realize that their kids never speak the
language, even at home. This is how Cornish and some dialects of Scottish Gaelic is still
only rarely used for daily home life in Ireland, 80 years after the republic was founded with
Irish as its first official language.