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C At first, cotton yields were high, and expenses for pesticides were low because cotton
pests had not yet moved in. The farmers had never earned so much! But within a few
years, cotton pests like bollworms and aphids plagued the fields, and the farmers saw
how rapid insect evolution can be. Repeated spraying killed off the weaker pests, but left
the ones most resistant to pesticides to multiply. As pesticide resistance mounted, the
farmers had to apply more and more of the pesticides to get the same results. At the
same time, the pesticides killed off birds, wasps, beetles, spiders, and other predators
that had once provided natural control of pest insects. Without these predators, the pests
could destroy the entire crop if pesticides were not used. Eventually, farmers were mixing
pesticide "cocktails" containing as many as ten different brands and sometimes having to
spray their cotton as frequently as two times a week. They were really hooked!
D The villagers were hesitant, but one of Punukula's village elders decided to risk trying
the natural methods instead of pesticides. His son had collapsed with acute pesticide
poisoning and survived but the hospital bill was staggering. SECURE's staff coached this
villager on how to protect his cotton crop by using a toolkit of natural methods chat India's
Center for Sustainable Agriculture put together in collaboration with scientists at Andhra
Pradesh's state university. They called the toolkit "Non-Pesticide Management"
— or"
NPM."
E The most important resource in the NPM toolkit was the neem tree (Azadirachta indica)
which is common throughout much of India. Neem tree is a broad-leaved evergreen tree
related to mahogany. It protects itself against insects by producing a multitude of natural
pesticides that work in a variety of ways: with an arsenal of chemical defenses that repel
egg-laying, interfere with insect growth, and most important, disrupt the ability of crop-
eating insects to sense their food.
F In fact, neem has been used traditionally in India to protect stored grains from insects
and to produce soaps, skin lotions, and other health products. To protect crops from
insects, neem seeds are simply ground into a powder that is soaked overnight in water.
The solution is then sprayed onto the crop. Another preparation, neem cake, can be mixed
into the soil to kill pests and diseases in the soil, and it doubles as an organic fertiliser