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instance, when they hear a bird chirp, they have to say "ba”; an electronic sound should
elicit a "ko", and so on. Again, no problem. A normal person can do that in about half a
second, with almost no effort.
C
The trouble comes when Marois shows the volunteers an image, and then almost
immediately plays them a sound. Now they’re flummoxed. “If you show an image and play
a sound at the same time, one task is postponed, ” he says. In fact, if the second task is
introduced within the half-second or so it takes to process and react to the first, it will
simply be delayed until the first one is done. The largest dual-task delays occur when the
two tasks are presented simultaneously; delays progressively shorten as the interval
between presenting the tasks lengthens.
D
There are at least three points where we seem to get stuck, says Marois. The first is in
simply identifying what I we’re looking at. This can take a few tenths of a second, during
which time we are not able to see and recognise second item. This limitation is known as
the "attentional blink": experiments have shown that if you’re watching out for a particular
event and a second one shows up unexpectedly any time within this crucial window of
concentration, it may register in your visual cortex but you will be unable to act upon it.
Interestingly, if you don’t expect the first event, you have no trouble responding to the
second. What exactly causes the attentional blink is still a matter for debate.
E
A second limitation is in our short-
term visual memory. It’s estimated that we can keep
track of about four items at a time, fewer if they are complex. This capacity shortage is
thought to explain, in part, our astonishing inability to detect even huge changes in scenes
that are otherwise identical, so-
called “change blindness”. Show people pairs of near-
identical photos - say, aircraft engines in one picture have disappeared in the other - and
they will fail to spot the differences. Here again, though, there is disagreement about what
the essential limiting factor really is. Does it come down to a dearth of storage capacity,
or is it about how much attention a viewer is paying?