Ielts reading recent actual tests (2016 2017) with answers published by ieltsmaterial com

SECTION 3
 
The concept of childhood in the western countries
The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly 
influential 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. 
He argued that 
"childhood” is a concept created by modern society. 
A
One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether 
childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western 
Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were 
regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He 
scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries, and found no distinction between children and 
adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, 
however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or 
despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it 

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corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature 
which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. 
B
There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in 
contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this 
sense children are seen as ‘useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 
did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often 
encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for 
wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. 
C
With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for 
child labour was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, 
workshops and factories. Social reformers began to question whether labouring long 
hours from an early age would harm children's growing bodies. They began to recognize 
the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations 
might be affecting children's development. 
D
Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of 
children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of 
children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The 
worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform 
but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the 
nineteenth century which made some forms of child labour redundant. Childhood was 
increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged 
minority. Initiating children into work as 'useful' children became less of a priority. As the 
age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as 
a more extended phase of dependency, development and learning. Even so, work 
continued to play a significant, if less central role in children's lives throughout the later 
nineteenth and twentieth century. And the 'useful child, has become a controversial image 
during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global 
concern about large numbers of the world's children engaged in child labour . 

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